• Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment Index

• Contents

• Foreword to the Second Edition

• Preface

• Preface to the Second Edition

• Preface to the First Edition

• Chapter 1. UNIX System Overview

• 1.1 Introduction

• 1.2 UNIX Architecture

• 1.3 Logging In

• 1.4 Files and Directories

• 1.5 Input and Output

• 1.6 Programs and Processes

• 1.7 Error Handling

• 1.8 User Identification

• 1.9 Signals

• 1.10 Time Values

• 1.11 System Calls and Library Functions

• 1.12 Summary

Chapter 2. UNIX Standardization and Implementations

• 2.1 Introduction

• 2.2 UNIX Standardization

2.2.1 ISO C

2.2.2 IEEE POSIX

2.2.3 The Single UNIX Specification

2.2.4 FIPS

• 2.3 UNIX System Implementations

• 2.3.1 UNIX System V Release 4

• 2.3.2 4.4BSD

• 2.3.3 FreeBSD

• 2.3.4 Linux

• 2.3.5 Mac OS X

• 2.3.6 Solaris

• 2.3.7 Other UNIX Systems

• 2.4 Relationship of Standards and Implementations

• 2.5 Limits

• 2.5.1 ISO C Limits

• 2.5.2 POSIX Limits

• 2.5.3 XSI Limits

• 2.5.4 sysconf, pathconf, and fpathconf Functions

• 2.5.5 Indeterminate Runtime Limits

• 2.6 Options

• 2.7 Feature Test Macros

• 2.8 Primitive System Data Types

• 2.9 Differences Between Standards

• 2.10 Summary

Chapter 3. File I/O

3.1 Introduction

• 3.2 File Descriptors

• 3.3 open and openat Functions

• 3.4 creat Function

• 3.5 close Function

• 3.6 lseek Function

• 3.7 read Function

• 3.8 write Function

• 3.9 I/O Efficiency

• 3.10 File Sharing

• 3.11 Atomic Operations

• 3.12 dup and dup2 Functions

• 3.13 sync, fsync, and fdatasync Functions

• 3.14 fcntl Function

• 3.15 ioctl Function

• 3.16 /dev/fd

• 3.17 Summary

Chapter 4. Files and Directories

• 4.1 Introduction

• 4.2 stat, fstat, fstatat, and lstat Functions

• 4.3 File Types

• 4.4 Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID

• 4.5 File Access Permissions

• 4.6 Ownership of New Files and Directories

• 4.7 access and faccessat Functions

• 4.8 umask Function

• 4.9 chmod, fchmod, and fchmodat Functions

• 4.10 Sticky Bit

• 4.11 chown, fchown, fchownat, and lchown Functions

• 4.12 File Size

• 4.13 File Truncation

• 4.14 File Systems

• 4.15 link, linkat, unlink, unlinkat, and remove Functions

• 4.16 rename and renameat Functions

• 4.17 Symbolic Links

• 4.18 Creating and Reading Symbolic Links

• 4.19 File Times

• 4.20 futimens, utimensat, and utimes Functions

• 4.21 mkdir, mkdirat, and rmdir Functions

• 4.22 Reading Directories

• 4.23 chdir, fchdir, and getcwd Functions

• 4.24 Device Special Files

• 4.25 Summary of File Access Permission Bits

• 4.26 Summary

Chapter 5. Standard I/O Library

• 5.1 Introduction

• 5.2 Streams and FILE Objects

• 5.3 Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error

• 5.4 Buffering

• 5.5 Opening a Stream

• 5.6 Reading and Writing a Stream

• 5.7 Line-at-a-Time I/O

• 5.8 Standard I/O Efficiency

• 5.9 Binary I/O

• 5.10 Positioning a Stream

• 5.11 Formatted I/O

• 5.12 Implementation Details

• 5.13 Temporary Files

• 5.14 Memory Streams

• 5.15 Alternatives to Standard I/O

• 5.16 Summary

Chapter 6. System Data Files and Information

• 6.1 Introduction

• 6.2 Password File

• 6.3 Shadow Passwords

• 6.4 Group File

• 6.5 Supplementary Group IDs

• 6.6 Implementation Differences

• 6.7 Other Data Files

• 6.8 Login Accounting

• 6.9 System Identification

• 6.10 Time and Date Routines

• 6.11 Summary

Chapter 7. Process Environment

• 7.1 Introduction

• 7.2 main Function

• 7.3 Process Termination

• 7.4 Command-Line Arguments

• 7.5 Environment List

• 7.6 Memory Layout of a C Program

• 7.7 Shared Libraries

• 7.8 Memory Allocation

• 7.9 Environment Variables

• 7.10 setjmp and longjmp Functions

• 7.11 getrlimit and setrlimit Functions

• 7.12 Summary

Chapter 8. Process Control

• 8.1 Introduction

• 8.2 Process Identifiers

• 8.3 fork Function

• 8.4 vfork Function

• 8.5 exit Functions

• 8.6 wait and waitpid Functions

• 8.7 waitid Function

• 8.8 wait3 and wait4 Functions

• 8.9 Race Conditions

• 8.10 exec Functions

• 8.11 Changing User IDs and Group IDs

• 8.12 Interpreter Files

• 8.13 system Function

• 8.14 Process Accounting

• 8.15 User Identification

• 8.16 Process Scheduling

• 8.17 Process Times

• 8.18 Summary

Chapter 9. Process Relationships

• 9.1 Introduction

• 9.2 Terminal Logins

• 9.3 Network Logins

• 9.4 Process Groups

• 9.5 Sessions

• 9.6 Controlling Terminal

• 9.7 tcgetpgrp, tcsetpgrp, and tcgetsid Functions

• 9.8 Job Control

• 9.9 Shell Execution of Programs

• 9.10 Orphaned Process Groups

• 9.11 FreeBSD Implementation

• 9.12 Summary

Chapter 10. Signals

• 10.1 Introduction

• 10.2 Signal Concepts

• 10.3 signal Function

• 10.4 Unreliable Signals

• 10.5 Interrupted System Calls

• 10.6 Reentrant Functions

• 10.7 SIGCLD Semantics

• 10.8 Reliable-Signal Terminology and Semantics

• 10.9 kill and raise Functions

• 10.10 alarm and pause Functions

• 10.11 Signal Sets

• 10.12 sigprocmask Function

• 10.13 sigpending Function

• 10.14 sigaction Function

• 10.15 sigsetjmp and siglongjmp Functions

• 10.16 sigsuspend Function

• 10.17 abort Function

• 10.18 system Function

• 10.19 sleep, nanosleep, and clock_nanosleep Functions

• 10.20 sigqueue Function

• 10.21 Job-Control Signals

• 10.22 Signal Names and Numbers

• 10.23 Summary

Chapter 11. Threads

• 11.1 Introduction

• 11.2 Thread Concepts

• 11.3 Thread Identification

• 11.4 Thread Creation

• 11.5 Thread Termination

• 11.6 Thread Synchronization

• 11.6.1 Mutexes

• 11.6.2 Deadlock Avoidance

• 11.6.3 pthread_mutex_timedlock Function

• 11.6.4 Reader–Writer Locks

• 11.6.5 Reader–Writer Locking with Timeouts

• 11.6.6 Condition Variables

• 11.6.7 Spin Locks

• 11.6.8 Barriers

• 11.7 Summary

Chapter 12. Thread Control

• 12.1 Introduction

• 12.2 Thread Limits

• 12.3 Thread Attributes

• 12.4 Synchronization Attributes

• 12.4.1 Mutex Attributes

• 12.4.2 Reader–Writer Lock Attributes

• 12.4.3 Condition Variable Attributes

• 12.4.4 Barrier Attributes

• 12.5 Reentrancy

• 12.6 Thread-Specific Data

• 12.7 Cancel Options

• 12.8 Threads and Signals

• 12.9 Threads and fork

• 12.10 Threads and I/O

• 12.11 Summary

Chapter 13. Daemon Processes

• 13.1 Introduction

• 13.2 Daemon Characteristics

• 13.3 Coding Rules

• 13.4 Error Logging

• 13.5 Single-Instance Daemons

• 13.6 Daemon Conventions

• 13.7 Client–Server Model

• 13.8 Summary

Chapter 14. Advanced I/O

• 14.1 Introduction

• 14.2 Nonblocking I/O

• 14.3 Record Locking

• 14.4 I/O Multiplexing

• 14.4.1 select and pselect Functions

• 14.4.2 poll Function

• 14.5 Asynchronous I/O

• 14.5.1 System V Asynchronous I/O

• 14.5.2 BSD Asynchronous I/O

• 14.5.3 POSIX Asynchronous I/O

• 14.6 readv and writev Functions

• 14.7 readn and writen Functions

• 14.8 Memory-Mapped I/O

• 14.9 Summary

Chapter 15. Interprocess Communication

• 15.1 Introduction

• 15.2 Pipes

• 15.3 popen and pclose Functions

• 15.4 Coprocesses

• 15.5 FIFOs

• 15.6 XSI IPC

• 15.6.1 Identifiers and Keys

• 15.6.2 Permission Structure

• 15.6.3 Configuration Limits

• 15.6.4 Advantages and Disadvantages

• 15.7 Message Queues

• 15.8 Semaphores

• 15.9 Shared Memory

• 15.10 POSIX Semaphores

• 15.11 Client–Server Properties

• 15.12 Summary

Chapter 16. Network IPC: Sockets

• 16.1 Introduction

• 16.2 Socket Descriptors

• 16.3 Addressing

• 16.3.1 Byte Ordering

• 16.3.2 Address Formats

• 16.3.3 Address Lookup

• 16.3.4 Associating Addresses with Sockets

• 16.4 Connection Establishment

• 16.5 Data Transfer

• 16.6 Socket Options

• 16.7 Out-of-Band Data

• 16.8 Nonblocking and Asynchronous I/O

• 16.9 Summary

Chapter 17. Advanced IPC

• 17.1 Introduction

• 17.2 UNIX Domain Sockets

• 17.2.1 Naming UNIX Domain Sockets

• 17.3 Unique Connections

• 17.4 Passing File Descriptors

• 17.5 An Open Server, Version 1

• 17.6 An Open Server, Version 2

• 17.7 Summary

Chapter 18. Terminal I/O

• 18.1 Introduction

• 18.2 Overview

• 18.3 Special Input Characters

• 18.4 Getting and Setting Terminal Attributes

• 18.5 Terminal Option Flags

• 18.6 stty Command

• 18.7 Baud Rate Functions

• 18.8 Line Control Functions

• 18.9 Terminal Identification

• 18.10 Canonical Mode

• 18.11 Noncanonical Mode

• 18.12 Terminal Window Size

• 18.13 termcap, terminfo, and curses

• 18.14 Summary

Chapter 19. Pseudo Terminals

• 19.1 Introduction

• 19.2 Overview

• 19.3 Opening Pseudo-Terminal Devices

• 19.4 pty_fork Function

• 19.5 pty Program

• 19.6 Using the pty Program

• 19.7 Advanced Features

• 19.8 Summary

Chapter 20. A Database Library

• 20.1 Introduction

• 20.2 History

• 20.3 The Library

• 20.4 Implementation Overview

• 20.5 Centralized or Decentralized?

• 20.6 Concurrency

• 20.7 Building the Library

• 20.8 Source Code

• 20.9 Performance

• 20.10 Summary

Chapter 21. Communicating with a Network Printer

• 21.1 Introduction

• 21.2 The Internet Printing Protocol

• 21.3 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol

• 21.4 Printer Spooling

• 21.5 Source Code

• 21.6 Summary

• Appendix A. Function Prototypes

• Appendix B. Miscellaneous Source Code

• B.1 Our Header File

• B.2 Standard Error Routines

• Appendix C. Solutions to Selected Exercises

• Bibliography

• Index