Metal can refer to: Heavy metal music
Metals are shiny, solid, and conductive elements. A common example is iron. They contrast with the nonmetals. They are generally found on the left side of the periodic table. Most elements in the periodic table are classified as metals. In astronomy and cosmology, the term “metals” includes any elements other than hydrogen or helium. This is termed metallicity.
Most metals have the following properties:
Not all metals have all these properties, but share a number of them. Some metals such as titanium and aluminum are strong and have a low density, while others are soft and very dense, like lead. mercury is a liquid at room temperature and gallium has a melting point of 30°C and will melt in your hand.
Most metals are reducing agents. The reactivity of metals varies drastically. The alkali metals and alkaline earth metals have to be stored in oil because they react with water and air vigorously. Gold and platinum on the other hand are extremely unreactive.
Metals tend to have a crystalline structure. They consist of ions arranged in a regular, periodic fashion, surrounded by delocalized electrons. These delocalized electrons can move freely throughout the metal, meaning metals can easily conduct an electrical current or heat. The interaction between the sea of delocalized electrons and the positive ions is called a metallic bond.
Element Categories Metals Chemistry
A metal (from Ancient Greek μέταλλον (métallon) 'mine, quarry, metal') is a material that, when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. These properties are all associated with having electrons available at the Fermi level, as against nonmetallic materials which do not.: Chpt 8 & 19 : Chpt 7 & 8 Metals are typically ductile (can be drawn into wires) and malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets).
A metal may be a chemical element such as iron; an alloy such as stainless steel; or a molecular compound such as polymeric sulfur nitride. The general science of metals is called metallurgy, a subtopic of materials science; aspects of the electronic and thermal properties are also within the scope of condensed matter physics and solid-state chemistry, it is a multidisciplinary topic. In colloquial use materials such as steel alloys are referred to as metals, while others such as polymers, wood or ceramics are nonmetallic materials.
A metal conducts electricity at a temperature of absolute zero, which is a consequence of delocalized states at the Fermi energy. Many elements and compounds become metallic under high pressures, for example, iodine gradually becomes a metal at a pressure of between 40 and 170 thousand times atmospheric pressure. Sodium becomes a nonmetal at pressure of just under two million times atmospheric pressure, and at even higher pressures it is expected to become a metal again.
When discussing the periodic table and some chemical properties the term metal is often used to denote those elements which in pure form and at standard conditions are metals in the sense of electrical conduction mentioned above. The related term metallic may also be used for types of dopant atoms or alloying elements.
In astronomy metal refers to all chemical elements in a star that are heavier than helium. In this sense the first four "metals" collecting in stellar cores through nucleosynthesis are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and neon. A star fuses lighter atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium, into heavier atoms over its lifetime. The metallicity of an astronomical object is the proportion of its matter made up of the heavier chemical elements.
The strength and resilience of some metals has led to their frequent use in, for example, high-rise building and bridge construction, as well as most vehicles, many home appliances, tools, pipes, and railroad tracks. Precious metals were historically used as coinage, but in the modern era, coinage metals have extended to at least 23 of the chemical elements. There is also extensive use of multi-element metals such as titanium nitride or degenerate semiconductors in the semiconductor industry.
The history of refined metals is thought to begin with the use of copper about 11,000 years ago. Gold, silver, iron (as meteoric iron), lead, and brass were likewise in use before the first known appearance of bronze in the fifth millennium BCE. Subsequent developments include the production of early forms of steel; the discovery of sodium—the first light metal—in 1809; the rise of modern alloy steels; and, since the end of World War II, the development of more sophisticated alloys.