Short description: Overview of and topical guide to cryptography

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cryptography:

Cryptography (or cryptology); practice and study of hiding information. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce.

• Cryptographer
• Encryption/decryption
• Cryptographic key
• Cipher
• Ciphertext
• Plaintext
• Code
• Tabula recta
• Alice and Bob

• Commitment schemes
• Secure multiparty computation
• Electronic voting
• Authentication
• Digital signatures
• Crypto systems
• Dining cryptographers problem
• Anonymous remailer
• Pseudonymity
• Onion routing
• Digital currency
• Secret sharing
• Indistinguishability obfuscation

• Multivariate cryptography
• Post-quantum cryptography
• Quantum cryptography
• Steganography
• Visual cryptography

Main: History of cryptography - Timeline of cryptography

• Japanese cryptology from the 1500s to Meiji
• World War I cryptography
• World War II cryptography
  • Reservehandverfahren
  • Venona project
  • Ultra

Substitution ciphers:

• Monoalphabetic substitution
  • Caesar cipher
    • ROT13
  • Affine cipher
  • Atbash cipher
  • Keyword cipher
• Polyalphabetic substitution
  • Vigenère cipher
  • Autokey cipher
  • Homophonic substitution cipher
• Polygraphic substitution
  • Playfair cipher
  • Hill cipher

Transposition ciphers:

• Scytale
• Grille
• Permutation cipher
• VIC cipher; complex hand cipher used by at least one Soviet spy in the early 1950s; it proved quite secure for the time

Main: Symmetric-key algorithm

Stream ciphers:

• A5/1 & A5/2; ciphers specified for the GSM cellular telephone standard
• BMGL
• Chameleon
• FISH; by Siemens AG
• WWII 'Fish' cyphers
  • Geheimfernschreiber; WWII mechanical onetime pad by Siemens AG, called STURGEON by Bletchley Park
  • Pike; improvement on FISH by Ross Anderson
  • Schlusselzusatz; WWII mechanical onetime pad by Lorenz, called tunny by Bletchley Park
• HELIX
• ISAAC; intended as a PRNG
• Leviathan
• LILI-128
• MUGI; CRYPTREC recommendation
• MULTI-S01 - CRYPTREC recommendation
• One-time pad; Vernam and Mauborgne, patented 1919; an extreme stream cipher
• Panama
• RC4 (ARCFOUR); one of a series by Professor Ron Rivest of MIT; CRYPTREC recommended limited to 128-bit key
  • CipherSaber (RC4 variant with 10 byte random IV, easy to implement
• Salsa20; an eSTREAM recommended cipher
  • ChaCha20; A Salsa20 variant.
• SEAL
• SNOW
• SOBER
  • SOBER-t16
  • SOBER-t32
• WAKE

Block ciphers: For further reading, see: Block cipher modes of operation

• Product cipher
• Feistel cipher; pattern by Horst Feistel
• Advanced Encryption Standard (g>Rijndael); 128-bit block; NIST selection for the AES, FIPS 197; Created 2001—by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen; NESSIE selection; CRYPTREC recommendation.
• Anubis; 128-bit block
• BEAR; built from a stream cipher and hash function, by Ross Anderson
• Blowfish; 64-bit block; by Bruce Schneier et al.
• Camellia; 128-bit block; NESSIE selection (NTT & Mitsubishi Electric); CRYPTREC recommendation
• CAST-128 (CAST5); 64-bit block; one of a series of algorithms by Carlisle Adams and Stafford Tavares, insistent that the name is not due to their initials
  • CAST-256 (CAST6); 128-bit block; the successor to CAST-128 and a candidate for the AES competition
• CIPHERUNICORN-A; 128-bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation
• CIPHERUNICORN-E; 64-bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited)
• CMEA; cipher used in US cellphones, found to have weaknesses.
• CS-Cipher; 64-bit block
• Data Encryption Standard (DES); 64-bit block; FIPS 46-3, 1976
• DEAL; an AES candidate derived from DES
• DES-X; a variant of DES to increase the key size.
• FEAL
• GDES; a DES variant designed to speed up encryption
• Grand Cru; 128-bit block
• Hierocrypt-3; 128-bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation
• Hierocrypt-L1; 64-bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited)
• IDEA NXT; project name FOX, 64-bit and 128-bit block family; Mediacrypt (Switzerland); by Pascal Junod & Serge Vaudenay of Swiss Institute of Technology Lausanne
• International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA); 64-bit block;James Massey & X Lai of ETH Zurich
• Iraqi Block Cipher (IBC)
• KASUMI; 64-bit block; based on MISTY1, adopted for next generation W-CDMA cellular phone security
• KHAZAD; 64-bit block designed by Barretto and Rijmen
• Khufu and Khafre; 64-bit block ciphers
• Kuznyechik; Russian 128-bit block cipher, defined in GOST R 34.12-2015 and RFC 7801.
• LION; block cipher built from stream cipher and hash function, by Ross Anderson
• LOKI89/91; 64-bit block ciphers
• LOKI97; 128-bit block cipher, AES candidate
• Lucifer; by Tuchman et al. of IBM, early 1970s; modified by NSA/NBS and released as DES
• MAGENTA; AES candidate
• Mars; AES finalist, by Don Coppersmith et al.
• MISTY1; NESSIE selection 64-bit block; Mitsubishi Electric (Japan); CRYPTREC recommendation (limited)
• MISTY2; 128-bit block: Mitsubishi Electric (Japan)
• Nimbus; 64-bit block
• NOEKEON; 128-bit block
• NUSH; variable block length (64-256-bit)
• Q; 128-bit block
• RC2; 64-bit block, variable key length
  • RC6; variable block length; AES finalist, by Ron Rivest et al.
  • RC5; Ron Rivest
• SAFER; variable block length
• SC2000; 128-bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation
• Serpent; 128-bit block; AES finalist by Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, Lars Knudsen
• SHACAL-1; 160-bit block
• SHACAL-2; 256-bit block cypher; NESSIE selection Gemplus (France)
• Shark; grandfather of Rijndael/AES, by Daemen and Rijmen
  • Square; father of Rijndael/AES, by Daemen and Rijmen
• TEA; by David Wheeler & Roger Needham
• Triple DES; by Walter Tuchman, leader of the Lucifer design team—not all triple uses of DES increase security, Tuchman's does; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited), only when used as in FIPS Pub 46-3
• Twofish; 128-bit block; AES finalist by Bruce Schneier et al.
• XTEA; by David Wheeler & Roger Needham
• 3-Way; 96-bit block by Joan Daemen
• Polyalphabetic substitution machine cyphers
  • Enigma; WWII German rotor cypher machine—many variants, any user networks for most of the variants
  • Purple; highest security WWII Japanese Foreign Office cypher machine; by Japanese Navy Captain
  • SIGABA; WWII US cypher machine by William Friedman, Frank Rowlett et al.
  • TypeX; WWII UK cypher machine
• Hybrid code/cypher combinations
  • JN-25; WWII Japanese Navy superencyphered code; many variants
  • Naval Cypher 3; superencrypted code used by the Royal Navy in the 1930s and into WWII

• ACE-KEM; NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; IBM Zurich Research
  • ACE Encrypt
• Chor-Rivest
• Diffie-Hellman; key agreement; CRYPTREC recommendation
• El Gamal; discrete logarithm
• Elliptic curve cryptography; (discrete logarithm variant)
• PSEC-KEM; NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; NTT (Japan); CRYPTREC recommendation only in DEM construction w/SEC1 parameters
  • ECIES; Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption System, Certicom Corporation
  • ECIES-KEM
  • ECDH; Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman key agreement, CRYPTREC recommendation
• EPOC
• Merkle–Hellman knapsack cryptosystem; knapsack scheme
• McEliece cryptosystem
• Niederreiter cryptosystem
• NTRUEncrypt
• RSA; factoring
  • RSA-KEM; NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; ISO/IEC 18033-2 draft
  • RSA-OAEP; CRYPTREC recommendation
• Rabin cryptosystem; factoring
  • Rabin-SAEP
  • HIME(R)
• Threshold cryptosystem
• XTR

• Public key infrastructure
  • X.509
  • OpenPGP
• Public key certificate
  • Certificate authority
  • Certificate revocation list
• ID-based cryptography
• Certificate-based encryption
• Secure key issuing cryptography
• Certificateless cryptography
• Merkle tree

• Diffie–Hellman
• Man-in-the-middle attack
• Needham–Schroeder
• Offline private key
• Otway–Rees
• Trusted paper key
• Wide Mouth Frog

• Brute force attack
• Dictionary attack
• Related key attack
• Key derivation function
• Key strengthening
• Password
• Password-authenticated key agreement
• Passphrase
• Salt
• Factorization<ref>

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• Message authentication code
• Keyed-hash message authentication code
  • Encrypted CBC-MAC (EMAC) &ndash; NESSIE selection MAC
  • HMAC &ndash; NESSIE selection MAC; ISO/IEC 9797-1, FIPS PUB 113 and IETF RFC
  • TTMAC &ndash; (Two-Track-MAC) NESSIE selection MAC; K.U.Leuven (Belgium) & debis AG (Germany)
  • UMAC &ndash; NESSIE selection MAC; Intel, UNevada Reno, IBM, Technion, & UC Davis
• MD5 &ndash; one of a series of message digest algorithms by Prof Ron Rivest of MIT; 128-bit digest
• SHA-1 &ndash; developed at NSA 160-bit digest, an FIPS standard; the first released version was defective and replaced by this; NIST/NSA have released several variants with longer 'digest' lengths; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited)
  • SHA-256 &ndash; NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 256-bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation
  • SHA-384 &ndash; NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 384-bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation
  • SHA-512 &ndash; NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 512-bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation
• SHA-3 &ndash; originally known as Keccak; was the winner of the NIST hash function competition using sponge function.
• Streebog &ndash; Russian algorithm created to replace an obsolete GOST hash function defined in obsolete standard GOST R 34.11-94.
• RIPEMD-160 &ndash; developed in Europe for the RIPE project, 160-bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited)
• RTR0 &ndash; one of Retter series; developed by Maciej A. Czyzewski; 160-bit digest
• Tiger &ndash; by Ross Anderson et al.
• Snefru &ndash; NIST hash function competition
• Whirlpool &ndash; NESSIE selection hash function, Scopus Tecnologia S.A. (Brazil) & K.U.Leuven (Belgium)

• Frequency analysis
• Contact analysis
• Index of coincidence
• Kasiski examination

• Symmetric algorithms
  • Boomerang attack
  • Brute force attack
  • Davies' attack;
  • Differential cryptanalysis
  • Impossible differential cryptanalysis
  • Integral cryptanalysis
  • Linear cryptanalysis
  • Meet-in-the-middle attack
  • Mod-n cryptanalysis
  • Related-key attack
  • Slide attack
  • XSL attack
• Hash functions:
  • Birthday attack
• Attack models
  • Chosen-ciphertext
  • Chosen-plaintext
  • Ciphertext-only
  • Known-plaintext
• Side channel attacks
  • Power analysis
  • Timing attack
  • Cold boot attack
• Network attacks
  • Man-in-the-middle attack
  • Replay attack
• External attacks
  • Black-bag cryptanalysis
  • Rubber-hose cryptanalysis

• Provable security
• Random oracle model
• Ciphertext indistinguishability
• Semantic security
• Malleability
• Forward secrecy
• Forward anonymity
• Freshness

• Beale ciphers
• Chaocipher
• D'Agapeyeff cipher
• Dorabella cipher
• Rongorongo
• Shugborough inscription
• Voynich manuscript

• Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) Publication Program &ndash; run by NIST to produce standards in many areas to guide operations of the US Federal government; many FIPS publications are ongoing and related to cryptography
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI) &ndash; standardization process that produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing) <!–***we need a list here! – help, please *** –>
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO) &ndash; standardization process produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing <!– ***we need a list here! – help, please ***) –>
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) &ndash; standardization process produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing <!– ***we need a list here! – help, please ***) –>
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) &ndash; standardization process that produces many standards called RFCs) in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing)<!–***we need a list here! – help, please *** –>

• National Security Agency (NSA) &ndash; internal evaluation/selections, charged with assisting NIST in its cryptographic responsibilities
• Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) &ndash; internal evaluation/selections, a division is charged with developing and recommending cryptographic standards for the UK government <!– **** we need more information here – help! **** –>
• Defence Signals Directorate (DSD) &ndash; Australian SIGINT agency, part of ECHELON
• Communications Security Establishment (CSE) &ndash; Canadian intelligence agency

<!–

• and the same for China, France, Germany, India, Russia, etc–>

• Data Encryption Standard (DES) &ndash; NBS selection process, ended 1976
• RIPE &ndash; division of the RACE project sponsored by the European Union, ended mid-1980s
• Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) &ndash; a “break-off” competition sponsored by NIST, ended in 2001
• NESSIE Project &ndash; an evaluation/selection program sponsored by the European Union, ended in 2002
• eSTREAM&ndash; program funded by ECRYPT; motivated by the failure of all of the stream ciphers submitted to NESSIE, ended in 2008
• CRYPTREC &ndash; evaluation/recommendation program sponsored by the Japanese government; draft recommendations published 2003
• CrypTool &ndash; an e-learning freeware programme in English and German&mdash; exhaustive educational tool about cryptography and cryptanalysis

<!–

• need a list here, Help, please **** –>

List of cryptographers

• AACS encryption key controversy
• Free speech
  • Bernstein v. United States - Daniel J. Bernstein's challenge to the restrictions on the export of cryptography from the United States.
  • Junger v. Daley
  • DeCSS
  • Phil Zimmermann - Arms Export Control Act investigation regarding the PGP software.
• Export of cryptography
• Key escrow and Clipper Chip
• Digital Millennium Copyright Act
• Digital Rights Management (DRM)
• Patents
  • RSA &ndash; now public domain
  • David Chaum &ndash; and digital cash
• Cryptography and law enforcement
  • Telephone wiretapping
  • Espionage
• Cryptography laws in different nations
  • Official Secrets Act &ndash; United Kingdom, India, Ireland, Malaysia, and formerly New Zealand
  • Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 &ndash; United Kingdom

• Journal of Cryptology
• Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security
• Cryptologia &ndash; quarterly journal focusing on historical aspects
• Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems &ndash; cryptography from the viewpoint of information theory

• Security engineering

• Outline of computer science
• Outline of computer security

Snippet from Wikipedia: Outline of cryptography

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cryptography:

Cryptography (or cryptology) – practice and study of hiding information. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce.

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