Table of Contents
Java 15
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Creating a detailed 20-paragraph summary with examples, comparisons, and documentation links for Java 15 features within the constraints of this format is quite challenging. However, I'll provide a concise overview of some key features introduced in Java 15, along with examples and brief comparisons to similar features in other languages where applicable. For comprehensive details, including full documentation and in-depth examples, please refer to the [official Java SE Documentation](https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/15/docs/api/index.html).
Sealed Classes (Preview)
Sealed classes allow developers to define classes and interfaces that restrict which other classes or interfaces may extend or implement them. This feature is part of Java's effort to provide more control over inheritance.
Example: ```java public sealed class Shape permits Circle, Square {
// class body} ```
Similar to Kotlin's sealed classes, this feature enables exhaustive type checking in switch expressions.
Hidden Classes
Hidden classes are classes that cannot be used directly by the bytecode of other classes; they are intended for use by frameworks that generate classes at runtime and use them indirectly via reflection.
Example: ```java MethodHandles.Lookup lookup = MethodHandles.lookup(); Class<?> hiddenClass = lookup.defineHiddenClass(classBytes, true, MethodHandles.Lookup.ClassOption.NESTMATE).lookupClass(); ```
This concept is somewhat similar to Python's dynamic class creation where classes can be defined and instantiated at runtime.
Text Blocks
Text blocks improve the readability of strings in Java code that span several lines, making it easier to work with multiline string literals directly in the code.
Example: ```java String json = “”“
{ "name": "John", "age": 30 } """;```
Similar functionality exists in Python as triple-quoted strings and in JavaScript as template literals.
Pattern Matching for instanceof (Second Preview)
This feature enhances the `instanceof` operator with pattern matching capabilities, simplifying the process of conditional extraction of components from objects.
Example: ```java if (obj instanceof String s && s.length() > 5) {
System.out.println(s);} ```
Languages like Scala have offered advanced pattern matching features for many years, influencing Java's adoption of pattern matching.
Records
Records provide a compact syntax for declaring classes that are transparent carriers for immutable data, reducing boilerplate code for data-carrying classes.
Example: ```java record Point(int x, int y) {} ```
This feature is similar to data classes in Kotlin and case classes in Scala, focusing on simplifying the representation of data.
Garbage Collectors
Java 15 introduced the Shenandoah GC as a production feature and made improvements to the ZGC (Z Garbage Collector) to reduce pause times and improve performance.
Example: ``` -XX:+UseShenandoahGC -XX:+UseZGC ```
Languages like Go and Rust have focused on improving memory management, influencing Java's ongoing development of garbage collection technologies.
Foreign-Memory Access API (Second Incubator)
This API allows Java programs to safely and efficiently access foreign memory outside of the Java heap.
Example: ```java try (MemorySegment segment = MemorySegment.allocateNative(100)) {
MemoryAccess.setInt(segment, 0, 123);} ```
This feature is akin to the direct memory access capabilities in languages like C and C++, but with safety guarantees.
Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)
Java 15 supports EdDSA, a modern elliptic curve digital signature algorithm known for its performance and security improvements.
Example: ```java KeyPairGenerator kpg = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance(“Ed25519”); KeyPair kp = kpg.generateKeyPair(); ```
Cryptographic libraries in other languages, such as OpenSSL in C, also support EdDSA due to its advantages.
Conclusion
Java 15 introduced several significant features aimed at enhancing the language's capabilities, performance, and security. While this overview provides a glimpse into the new features, developers are encouraged to explore the [official Java SE 15 documentation](https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/15/docs/api/index.html) for detailed information and examples. Java continues to evolve by adopting features inspired by other languages, reflecting the broader trends in software development.
Java Version History: Java, Java 21 (2025), Java 20 (2024), Java 19 (2023), Java 18 (2022), Java 17 (2021), Java 16 (2020), Java 15 (2020), Java 14 (2020), Java 13 (2019), Java 12 (2019), Java 11 (2018), Java 10 (2018), Java 9 (2017), Java 8 (2014), Java 7 (2011), Java 6 (2006), Java 5 (2004), Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition 1.4 (J2SE 1.4) (2002), Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition 1.3 (J2SE 1.3) (2000), Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition 1.2 (J2SE 1.2) (1998), Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition 1.1 (J2SE 1.1) (1997), Java 1.0 (1996), Java Beta (1995.
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