linux_programming_interface_index

Table of Contents

The Linux Programming Interface - A Linux and UNIX System Programming Handbook Index
#
A
B
C
D
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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The Linux Programming Interface - A Linux and UNIX System Programming Handbook Index

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Linux: Linux Fundamentals, Linux Inventor: Linus Torvalds says “ Linux just sucks less.”, Linux Best Practices - Linux Anti-Patterns, Linux kernel, Linux commands-Linux Shells-Linux CLI-GNU-Linux GUI-X11, Linux DevOps-Linux development-Linux system programming-Bash-zsh-Linux API, Linux package managers, Linux configuration management (Ansible on Linux, Chef on Linux, Puppet on Linux, PowerShell on Linux), Linux Distros (RHEL-Rocky Linux-CentOS (CentOS Stream)-Oracle Linux-Fedora, Ubuntu-Debian-Linux Mint-Raspberry Pi OS-Kali Linux-Tails, openSUSE - SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES), Arch Linux-Manjaro Linux, Alpine Linux-BusyBox - Slackware - Android-Chrome OS); UNIX-UNIX Distros (FreeBSD-OpenBSD, BSD, macOS), Linux networking, Linux storage, Linux secrets, Linux security (Linux IAM-LDAP-Linux Firewall-Linux Proxy), Linux docs, Linux GitHub, Linux Containers, Linux VM, Linux on AWS, Linux on Azure, Linux on GCP, Linux on Windows (WSL), Linux on IBM, Linux on Mainframe (Linux on IBM Z mainframe - Linux for System z - IBM LinuxONE), Embedded Linux, Linus IoT-Linux on Raspberry Pi, LinuxOps-Linux sysadmin, systemd-userland-kernel space-POSIX-SUS-Linux filesystem-Linux architecture, Linux books-UNIX books, Linux courses, Linux Foundation, Linux history, Linux philosophy, Linux adoption, Linux glossary, Linux topics (navbar_linux and navbar_unix - see also navbar_fedora, navbar_rhel, navbar_centos, navbar_debian, navbar_ubuntu, navbar_linux_mint, navbar_freebsd, navbar_opensuse, navbar_manjaro, navbar_kali_linux, navbar_nixos, navbar_alpine_linux, navbar_tails_linux, navbar_slackware, navbar_rocky_linux, navbar_arch_linux, navbar_oracle_linux)

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The following conventions are used in the index:

Library function and system call prototypes are indexed with a subentry label ed prototype. Normally, you’ll find the main discussion of a function or system call in the same location as the prototype.

Definitions of C structures are indexed with subentries label ed definition. This is where you’ll normally find the main discussion of a structure.

Implementations of functions developed in the text are indexed with a subentry label ed code of implementation.

Instructional or otherwise interesting examples of the use of functions, variables, signals, structures, macros, constants, and files in example programs are indexed with subentries label ed example of use. Not all instances of the use of each interface are indexed; instead, just a few examples that provide useful guidance are indexed.

Diagrams are indexed with subentries label ed diagram.

The names of example programs are indexed to make it easy to find an explanation of a program that is provided in the source code distribution for this book.

Citations referring to the publications list ed in the bibliography are indexed using the name of the first author and the year of publication, in an entry of the form Name (Year) — for example, Rochkind (1985).

Items beginning with nonalphabetic characters (e.g., /dev/stdin, _BSD_SOURCE) are sort ed before alphabetic items.

#! (interpreter script), 572

. (directory entry), 27, 351

.. (directory entry), 27, 351

/ (root directory), 27

/boot/vmlinuz file, 22

/dev directory, 252

/dev/console device, 777

/dev/fd directory, 107–108

/dev/kcore file, 801

/dev/kmem device, 801

/dev/log socket, 776

diagram, 775

/dev/mem device, 166, 801

/dev/null device, 769

/dev/poll device (Solaris), 1328

/dev/ptmx device, 1381

/dev/pts directory, 1321, 1380, 1382

/dev/ptyxy devices, 1395

/dev/random device, 801

/dev/shm directory, 275, 1090, 1108

/dev/stderr, 108

/dev/stdin, 108

/dev/stdout, 108

/dev/tty device, 707, 708, 1321. See also controlling terminal

/dev/ttyn devices, 1289

/dev/ttyxy devices, 1395

/dev/zero device, 1034

used with mmap(), 1034

example of use, 1036

/etc directory, 774

/etc/fstab file, 263

/etc/group file, 26, 155–156

/etc/gshadow file, 156

/etc/hosts file, 1210

/etc/inetd.conf file, 1249–1250

/etc/inittab file, 820

/etc/ld.so]].cache file, 848, 854

/etc/ld.so]].conf file, 847, 848

/etc/ld.so]].preload file, 874

/etc/localtime file, 198

/etc/mtab file, 263

/etc/named.conf file, 1210

/etc/passwd file, 26, 153–155

/etc/resolv.conf file, 1211

/etc/services file, 1212–1213

/etc/shadow file, 155

/etc/syslog.conf file, 776, 781–782

diagram, 775

/lib directory, 847, 848, 854

/lib/ld-linux.so.2 (dynamic linker), 839, 844

/lib/libc.so.6 (glibc 2), 844, 870

/proc file system, 42, 223–228

diagram, 227

/proc/config.gz file, 1418

/proc/cpuinfo file, 752

/proc/domainname file, 230

/proc/filesystems file, 255

/proc/hostname file, 230

/proc/kallsyms file, diagram, 119

/proc/kmsg file, 776

/proc/ksyms file, diagram, 119

/proc/locks file, 1140–1142

/proc/mounts file, 263

/proc/net/tcp file, 1276

/proc/net/tcp6 file, 1276

/proc/net/udp file, 1276

/proc/net/udp6 file, 1276

/proc/net/unix file, 1276

/proc/partitions file, 254

/proc/PID directory, 224–226

/proc/PID/cmd line file, 124, 225

/proc/PID/coredump_filter file, 449, 615

/proc/PID/cwd file, 225, 364, 800

/proc/PID/environ file, 126, 225, 801

/proc/PID/exe file, 225, 564, 800

/proc/PID/fd directory, 107, 225, 342, 762

/proc/PID/fdinfo directory, 75

/proc/PID/limits file, 755

/proc/PID/maps file, 225, 842, 1006, 1008, 1019, 1025, 1041, 1115

example of use, 1046

/proc/PID/mem file, 225

/proc/PID/mounts file, 225, 263

/proc/PID/oom_adj file, 615, 1040

/proc/PID/oom_score file, 1040

/proc/PID/root file, 225, 367, 800

/proc/PID/smaps file, 1006

/proc/PID/stat file, 599, 700, 748, 755

/proc/PID/status file, 115, 172, 224, 225, 764, 799, 806, 1049, 1050

/proc/PID/task directory, 225

/proc/PID/task/TID/status file, 799, 806

/proc/self symbolic link, 225

/proc/swaps]] file, 254

/proc/sys/fs/file-max file, 763, 801

/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_queued_events file, 385

/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_instances file, 385

/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches file, 385, 1358

/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msg_max file, 1086

/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msgsize_max file, 1086

/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/queues_max file, 1086

/proc/sys/fs/nr_open file, 762

/proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size file, 892

/proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable file, 449

/proc/sys/kernel/acct file, 594

/proc/sys/kernel/cap-bound file, 815

/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern file, 449

/proc/sys/kernel/msg max file, 951

/proc/sys/kernel/msgmnb file, 801, 949, 951

/proc/sys/kernel/msgmni file, 951

/proc/sys/kernel/ngroups_max file, 179

/proc/sys/kernel/osrelease file, 229

/proc/sys/kernel/os type file, 229

/proc/sys/kernel/pid_max file, 115, 228

/proc/sys/kernel/pty/max file, 1381

/proc/sys/kernel/pty/nr file, 1381

/proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-max file, 458

/proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-nr file, 458

/proc/sys/kernel/sched_child_runs_first file, 526

/proc/sys/kernel/sem file, 992

/proc/sys/kernel/shmall file, 1015

/proc/sys/kernel/shm max file, 1015

/proc/sys/kernel/shmmni file, 1015

/proc/sys/kernel/threads-max file, 763

/proc/sys/kernel/version file, 229

/proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn file, 1157

/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range file, 1189, 1224

/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_ecn file, 1267

/proc/sys/vm/dirty_expire_centisecs file, 241

/proc/sys/vm/legacy_va_layout file, 793

/proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory file, 1038

/proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio file, 1039

/proc/sysvipc/msg file, 935

/proc/sysvipc/sem file, 935

/proc/sysvipc/shm file, 935

/proc/version file, 229

/sbin/init file, 33

/sys directory, 252

/tmp directory, 300, 791

/usr/account/pacct file, 592

/usr/group association, 12

/usr/lib directory, 847, 848, 854

/usr/lib/locale directory, 201, 203

/usr/local/lib directory, 847, 848

/usr/share/locale directory, 201

/usr/share/locale/locale.alias file, 201

/usr/share/zone info directory, 198

/usr/src/linux directory, 1424

/var/log directory, 774

/var/log/lastlog file, 830

/var/log/messages file, 782

/var/log/pacct file, 592

/var/log/wtmp file, 818

/var/run directory, 1142

/var/run/utmp file, 818

<errno.h> header file, 49

<features.h> header file, 62

<limits.h> header file, 212

<sys/types.h> header file, 68

__GLIBC__ constant, 48

__GLIBC_MINOR__ constant, 48

__WALL constant, 610

__WCLONE constant, 609

example of use, 602

__WNOTHREAD constant, 610

_ATFILE_SOURCE feature test macro, 366

_BSD_SOURCE feature test macro, 62

_CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION constant, 48

_CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION constant, 694

_CS_PATH constant, 588

_exit(), 32, 426, 514, 531–532, 692

example of use, 524, 583, 587, 759

prototype, 531

_Exit(), 426

_FILE_OFFSET_BITS macro, 104, 106

_fini(), 873

_GNU_SOURCE feature test macro, 62

_init(), 873

_IOFBF constant, 238

_IOLBF constant, 238

_IONBF constant, 237

_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE feature test macro, 105

_longjmp(), 429

_PATH_LASTLOG constant, 830

_PATH_UTMP constant, 818

_PATH_WTMP constant, 818

_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICT ED constant, 221

_PC_NAME_MAX constant, 214, 218

_PC_PATH_MAX constant, 214, 218

_PC_PIPE_BUF constant, 214, 218

_PC_VDISABLE constant, 1296

example of use, 1301

_POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO constant, 221

_POSIX_C_SOURCE feature test macro, 61, 63

_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICT ED constant, 221

_POSIX_JOB_CONTROL constant, 221

_POSIX_MQ_OPEN_MAX constant, 1085

_POSIX_MQ_PRIO_MAX constant, 1073

_POSIX_PIPE_BUF constant, 891

_POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING constant, 221

_POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS constant, 221

_POSIX_RTSIG_MAX constant, 457

_POSIX_SAVED_ID constant, 221

_POSIX_SEMAPHORES constant, 221

_POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS constant, 221

_POSIX_SIGQUEUE_MAX constant, 457

_POSIX_SOURCE feature test macro, 61

_POSIX_THREAD_KEYS_MAX constant, 668

_POSIX_THREADS constant, 221

_REENTRANT macro, 622

_SC_ARG_MAX constant, 124, 214, 217

_SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO constant, 221

_SC_ATEXIT_MAX constant, 535

_SC_CHILD_MAX constant, 217, 763

_SC_CLK_TCK constant, 206, 214

example of use, 209

_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX constant, 158

_SC_IOV_MAX constant, 100

_SC_JOB_CONTROL constant, 221

_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX constant, 214

_SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX constant, 1073

_SC_NGROUPS_MAX constant, 179, 214

_SC_OPEN_MAX constant, 214, 217

example of use, 771

RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit and, 762

_SC_PAGE_SIZE constant, 214

_SC_PAGE SIZE constant, 214, 215

_SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING constant, 221

_SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS constant, 221

_SC_RTSIG_MAX constant, 214

_SC_SEMAPHORES constant, 221

_SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS constant, 221

_SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX constant, 214, 457

_SC_STREAM_MAX constant, 214

_SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX constant, 668

_SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN constant, 682

_SC_THREADS constant, 221

_SC_XOPEN_UNIX constant, 221

_SEM_SEMUN_UNDEFINED constant, 970

_setjmp(), 429

_SVID_SOURCE feature test macro, 62

_sys_errlist variable, 664

_sys_nerr variable, 664

_XOPEN_SOURCE feature test macro, 62, 63

_XOPEN_UNIX constant, 221

#

2MSL, 1274

3BSD, 4

4.2BSD, 4, 155, 342, 390, 443, 476, 776, 1149, 1180

4.3BSD, 4

4.4BSD, 4, 17, 1442

4.4BSD-Lite, 8

386/BSD, 7

INDEX The Linux Programming Interface - ! Michael Kerrisk.txt

A

a.out (executable file format), 113

ABI, 118, 867

abort(), 390, 426, 433–434, 446

prototype, 433

absolute pathname, 29, 367

abstract socket binding, 1175

ac command, 818

accept(), 426, 673, 801, 1152, 1157–1158

diagram, 1156

example of use, 1168, 1222

inheritance of file flags and socket options, 1281

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 1157

RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit and, 762

accept4(), 1158

interrupted by signal handler, 444

access control list (ACL), 319–337, 800, 1440

access ACL, 327

ACL entry, 320–321

application programming interface, diagram, 330

default ACL, 327

diagram, 320

extended ACL, 321

group class, 324–325

limits on number of entries, 328–329

long text form, 323

mask entry, 321, 323, 324–325

minimal ACL, 321

permission set, 320

permission-checking algorithm, 321–322

short text form, 323

tag qualifier, 320, 321, 323, 332

tag type, 320, 323, 331

access mode, file, 72, 75, 93, 95

access(), 298–299, 345, 426

prototype, 299

acct structure, 593–594

definition, 593

acct(), 345, 592–593, 801

example of use, 593

prototype, 592

acct_on.c, 592

acct_v3 structure, 597–598

definition, 598

acct_v3_view.c, 598

acct_view.c, 596

accton command, 592

ACK control bit (TCP), 1267

ACL. See access control list

acl_add_perm(), 332

diagram, 330

acl_calc_mask(), 333

acl_check(), 334

acl_clear_perms(), 332

diagram, 330

acl_create_entry(), 332

diagram, 330

acl_delete_def_file(), 334

acl_delete_entry(), 333

diagram, 330

acl_delete_perm(), 332

diagram, 330

acl_dup(), 334

acl_entry_t data type, 331

diagram, 330

example of use, 335

acl_error(), 334

ACL_EXECUTE constant, 332

ACL_FIRST_ENTRY constant, 331

acl_free(), 334

example of use, 336

acl_from_text(), 333

diagram, 330

acl_get_entry(), 331

diagram, 330

example of use, 335

acl_get_file(), 331

diagram, 330

example of use, 335

acl_get_perm(), 332

diagram, 330

example of use, 336

acl_get_permset(), 332

diagram, 330

example of use, 336

acl_get_qualifier(), 332

diagram, 330

example of use, 336

acl_get_tag_type(), 331

diagram, 330

example of use, 336

ACL_GROUP constant, 321, 322, 323

ACL_GROUP_OBJ constant, 321, 322, 323

acl _init(), 334

ACL_MASK constant, 321, 322, 323, 324–325, 333

ACL_NEXT_ENTRY constant, 331

ACL_OTHER constant, 321, 322, 323

acl_permset_t data type, 332

diagram, 330

example of use, 335

ACL_READ constant, 332

acl_set_file(), 333

diagram, 330

acl_set_permset(), 332

diagram, 330

acl_set_qualifier(), 332

diagram, 330

acl_set_tag_type(), 331

diagram, 330

acl_t data type, 331

diagram, 330

example of use, 335

acl_to_text(), 333

diagram, 330

ACL_TYPE_ACCESS constant, 331, 333

ACL_TYPE_DEFAULT constant, 331, 333

acl_type_t data type, 331

diagram, 330

example of use, 335

acl_update.c, 334

ACL_USER constant, 320, 321, 322, 323

ACL_USER_OBJ constant, 320, 321, 322, 323

acl_valid(), 334

acl_view.c, 335

ACL_WRITE constant, 332

ACORE constant, 594

active close (TCP), 1272

active open (socket), 1155

address (socket), 1152

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), 1181

address-space randomization, 793

addrinfo structure, 1214, 1215

definition, 1214

adjtime(), 205, 801

prototype, 205

adjtimex(), 205, 801

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 1180

advisory file lock, 1119, 1137

AF_INET constant, 1150, 1151

AF_INET6 constant, 1150, 1151

example of use, 1208, 1209

AF_LOCAL constant, 1150

AF_UNIX constant, 1150, 1151

example of use, 1168, 1169, 1172, 1173

AF_UNSPEC constant, 1162, 1215, 1217

example of use, 1221, 1224, 1229

Affero General Public License (GNU), xxxiv

AFORK constant, 594

Aho (1988), 574, 1437

Aho, A.V., 1437

AI_ADDR CONFIG constant, 1216

AI_ALL constant, 1216

AI_CANONNAME constant, 1214, 1216

AI_NUMERICHOST constant, 1216

AI_NUMERICSERV constant, 1216

example of use, 1221

AI_PASSIVE constant, 1216

example of use, 1221, 1229

AI_V4MAPPED constant, 1216

AIO (asynchronous I/O), 613, 1327, 1347

aio_error(), 426

aio_return(), 426

aio_suspend(), 426, 673

AIX, 5

alarm(), 390, 426, 484–485, 486, 488, 614

example of use, 487

prototype, 484

Albitz (2006), 1210, 1247, 1437

Albitz, P., 1437

algorithmic-complexity attack, 794, 1438

Allman, M., 1194

alloca(), 150–151

prototype, 150

allocating memory

on the heap, 140–144, 147–150

on the stack, 150–151

alternate signal stack, 65, 434–437, 578, 613, 683, 691, 693, 764

American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 11

Anley (2007), 792, 795, 1437

Anley, C., 1437

anon_mmap.c, 1036

anonymous mapping, 35, 882, 886, 1017, 1033, 1034–1037

private, 1019, 1035

shared, 1019, 1035

anonymous root, DNS, 1210

ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 11

ANSI C, 11

Anzinger, G., xli

application binary interface, 118, 867

ar command, 834

archive, 834

ARG_MAX constant, 214

argc argument to main(), 31, 123

argv argument to main(), 31, 118, 123, 124, 214, 564, 567

diagram, 123

example of use, 123

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 1181

ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency), 1180

ARPA NET, 1180

asctime(), 16, 191, 657

diagram, 188

example of use, 192, 199

prototype, 191

asctime_r(), 191, 658

ASN.1, 1200

ASU constant, 298, 594, 928

async-cancel-safe function, 680

asynchronous I/O, POSIX, 613, 1327, 1347

async-signal-safe function, 425–428

AT_EACCESS constant, 365

AT_FDCWD constant, 290, 366

AT_REMOVEDIR constant, 365

AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW constant, 365, 366

AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW constant, 290, 365, 366

atexit(), 532, 534–535, 866

example of use, 537, 915, 960, 1393

prototype, 534

atomic_append.c, 1425

atomicity, 90–92, 465

when accessing shared variables, 631

Austin Common Standards Revision Group, 13

Autoconf program, 219, 1444

automatic variables, 116, 122

A/UX, 5

awk program, 574, 1437

AXSIG constant, 594

INDEX The Linux Programming Interface - ! Michael Kerrisk.txt

B

B programming language, 2

Bach (1986), 250, 278, 521, 530, 919, 1422, 1437

Bach, M., 1437

background process group, 700, 708, 714

diagram, 701, 717

bad_exclusive_open.c, 90

bad_longjmp.c, 1426

bad_symlink.c, 1428, 1429

basename(), 370–372, 657

example of use, 371

prototype, 370

bash (Bourne again shell), 25

baud, 1316

bcopy(), 1166

BCPL programming language, 2

Becher, S., xli

become_daemon.c, 770

become_daemon.h, 770

becomeDaemon(), 769–771

code of implementation, 770–771

example of use, 774, 1241, 1244

prototype, 769

Bell Laboratories, 2

Benedyczak, K., xli

Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND), 1210, 1437

Berkeley Software Distribution, 4, 7–8

bg shell command, 715

diagram, 717

Bhattiprolu (2008), 608, 1437

Bhattiprolu, S., 1437

Biddle, R.L., xlii

Biederman, E.W., 1437

big-endian byte order, 1198

diagram, 1198

binary semaphores, 988–991

binary_sems.c, 990

binary_sems.h, 989

BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), 1210, 1437

bind mount, 272–274

bind(), 345, 426, 1152, 1153–1154, 1155

diagram, 1156, 1160

example of use, 1166, 1168, 1172, 1173, 1176, 1208, 1222, 1229

prototype, 1153

Bishop (2003), 795, 1437

Bishop (2005), 795, 1437

Bishop, M., 795, 1437

Black, D., 1194

Blaess, C., xxxviii

blkcnt_t data type, 64, 280

casting in printf() calls, 107

blk size_t data type, 64, 280

block device, 252, 282

block groups (ext2 file system), 256

Boolean data type, 51

boot block, 256

BOOT_TIME constant, 820, 822

Borisov (2005), 300, 1438

Borisov, N., 1438

Borman, D., 1194

Bostic, K., 1442

Bound, J., 1194

Bourne again shell (bash), 25

Bourne, S., 25

Bourne shell (sh), 3, 25, 154

Bovet (2005), 24, 46, 250, 256, 278, 419, 521, 530, 616, 919, 936, 994, 1015, 1044, 1147, 1422, 1438

Bovet, D.P., 1438

Braden, R., 1194

Brahneborg, D., xli

BREAK condition, 1302, 1304, 1318

Brecht, T., 1439

brk(), 140

prototype, 140

RLIMIT_AS resource limit and, 760

RLIMIT_DATA resource limit and, 761

BRKINT constant, 1302, 1304

example of use, 1311

broken pipe (error message). See SIG PIPE signal

broken-down time, 189

converting to and from printable form, 195–197

converting to time_t, 190

Brouwer, A.E., xli

BS0 constant, 1302

BS1 constant, 1302

BSD, 4, 7–8

BSD file locks, 1120

BSD Net/2, 7

BSDi, 8

BSDLY constant, 1302

BSD/OS, 8

bss, 116

Btrfs file system, 261

buffer cache, 233, 234

using direct I/O to bypass, 246–247

buffer overrun, 792

buffering of file I/O, 233–250

diagram, 244

effect of buffer size on performance, 234–236

in the kernel, 233–236, 239–243

overview, 243–244

in the stdio library, 237–239, 249

BUFSIZ constant, 238

Build_ename.sh, 57

built-in command (shell), 576

bus error (error message). See SIGBUS signal

BUS_ADRALN constant, 441

BUS_ADRERR constant, 441

BUS_MCEERR_AO constant, 441

BUS_MCEERR_AR constant, 441

BUS_OBJERR constant, 441

busy file system, 270

Butenhof (1996), 630, 639, 647, 659, 687, 696, 751, 1105, 1422, 1438

Butenhof, D.R., xxxviii, 1438

byte stream, 879, 890

separating messages in, 910–911

diagram, 911

bzero(), 1166

C

C library, 47–48, 1442

C programming language, 2, 1440, 1444

ANSI 1989 standard, 11

C89 standard, 11, 17

C99 standard, 11, 17

ISO 1990 standard, 11

standards, 10–11

C shell (csh), 4, 25

C89, 11, 17

C99, 11, 17

cache line, 748

calendar time, 185–187

changing, 204–205

calendar_time.c, 191

calloc(), 147–148

example of use, 148

prototype, 148

canceling a thread. See thread cancellation

cancellation point, thread cancellation, 673–674

canonical mode, terminal I/O, 1290, 1305, 1307

Cao, M., 1441

CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL capability, 800

CAP_AUDIT_WRITE capability, 800

CAP_CHOWN capability, 292, 800, 807

CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE capability, 287, 299, 800, 807

CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH capability, 299, 800, 807

CAP_FOWNER capability, 76, 168, 287, 288, 300, 303, 308, 800, 807

cap_free(), 808

example of use, 809

CAP_FSETID capability, 304, 800, 807, 1432

cap_get_proc(), 807

example of use, 809

CAP_IPC_LOCK capability, 800, 999, 1012, 1048, 1051

CAP_IPC_OWNER capability, 800, 928, 929

CAP_KILL capability, 402, 800

CAP_LEASE capability, 800

CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE capability, 306, 800, 807

CAP_MAC_ADMIN capability, 800

CAP_MAC_OVERRIDE capability, 800, 807

CAP_MKNOD capability, 252, 368, 800, 807

CAP_NET_ADMIN capability, 800

CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE capability, 800, 1189

CAP_NET_BROADCAST capability, 800

CAP_NET_RAW capability, 800

CAP_SET constant, 807

cap_set_flag(), 807

example of use, 809

cap_set_proc(), 808

example of use, 809

CAP_SETFCAP capability, 799, 800

CAP_SETGID capability, 172, 800, 1285

CAP_SETPCAP capability, 801, 806, 807, 812, 814, 815, 816

CAP_SETUID capability, 172, 801, 1285

CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability, 254, 262, 312, 607, 763, 801, 929, 1285

CAP_SYS_BOOT capability, 801

CAP_SYS_CHROOT capability, 367, 801

CAP_SYS_MODULE capability, 801, 815

CAP_SYS_NICE capability, 736, 743, 747, 750, 801

CAP_SYS_PACCT capability, 592, 801

CAP_SYS_PTRACE capability, 364, 801

CAP_SYS_RAWIO capability, 255, 801

CAP_SYS_RESOURCE capability, 306, 756, 763, 801, 892, 949, 1086

CAP_SYS_TIME capability, 204, 492, 801

CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG capability, 801

cap_t data type, 807

example of use, 809

capability

file. See file capabilities

process. See process capabilities

capability bounding set, 615, 801, 805–806, 815

capget(), 807

capset(), 807

Card, R., 255

catch_rtsigs.c, 462

catch_SIGHUP.c, 710

cat gets(), 202, 533, 657

cat open(), 202, 533

CBAUD constant, 1302, 1317

CBAUDEX constant, 1302, 1317

cbreak mode (terminal I/O), 1309–1316

cc_t data type, 64, 1292

Cesati, M., 1438

cfgetispeed(), 426, 1316–1317

prototype, 1316

cfgetospeed(), 426, 1316–1317

prototype, 1316

cfsetispeed(), 426, 1316–1317

prototype, 1316

cfsetospeed(), 426, 1316–1317

prototype, 1316

Chandra, C., xlii

change_case.c, 1432

character device, 252, 282

chattr command, 305

chdir(), 345, 364–365, 426, 604, 607

example of use, 365

prototype, 364

check_password.c, 164

check_password_caps.c, 808

Chen (2002), 795, 1438

Chen, H., 1438

chiflag.c, 1428

child process, 31, 513, 515

signal ed on death of parent, 553

waiting on, 541–553

child_status.c, 548

chmod(), 286, 303–304, 325, 345, 426, 800

prototype, 303

Choffnes, D.R., 1438

chown command, 292

chown(), 221, 286, 291–293, 345, 426, 800

example of use, 294

prototype, 292

chroot jail, 273, 367, 789

chroot(), 345, 367–368, 580, 604, 607, 801

prototype, 367

Church, A.R., xli

Church, D.E., xlii

Church, D.E.M., xlii

Chuvakin, A., 1442

CIBAUD constant, 1302

Clare, G.W., xxxix

CLD_CONTINUED constant, 441, 551

CLD_DUMP ED constant, 441

CLD_EXITED constant, 440, 441, 551

CLD_KILLED constant, 441, 551

CLD_STOPPED constant, 441, 551

CLD_TRAPPED constant, 441

cleanup handler, thread cancellation, 676–679

clearenv(), 129–130

prototype, 129

client, 40

client-server architecture, 40

CLOCAL constant, 1302

clock, POSIX. See POSIX clock

clock(), 207–208, 210

example of use, 209

prototype, 207

clock_getcpuclock id(), 493, 496

prototype, 493

clock_getres(), 491

prototype, 491

clock_gettime(), 426, 491

example of use, 494, 511

prototype, 491

C LOCK_MONOTONIC constant, 491, 492, 494, 508

C LOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE constant, 492

C LOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW constant, 492

clock_nanosleep(), 493–494, 673

example of use, 494

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 493

C LOCK_PROCESS_CPU TIME_ID constant, 491, 492, 494

C LOCK_REALTIME constant, 491, 492, 494, 508

example of use, 501, 507

C LOCK_REALTIME_COARSE constant, 492

clock_settime(), 492

prototype, 492

clock_t data type, 64, 206, 207, 208, 438

C LOCK_THREAD_CPU TIME_ID constant, 491, 492

clockid_t data type, 64, 491, 492, 493, 495

C LOCKS_PER_SEC constant, 207, 208, 210

example of use, 209

clone child, 609

clone(), 598–609, 801, 987

example of use, 602

prototype, 599

RLIMIT_NPROC resource limit and, 763

speed, 610–612

CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID constant, 600, 606

CLONE_CHILD_SETTID constant, 600, 606

CLONE_FILES constant, 600, 603

example of use, 602

CLONE_FS constant, 600, 604, 607

CLONE_IDLETASK constant, 608

CLONE_IO constant, 600, 608

CLONE_NEWIPC constant, 600, 608

CLONE_NEWNET constant, 600, 608

CLONE_NEWNS constant, 261, 600, 607, 801

CLONE_NEWPID constant, 600, 608

CLONE_NEWUSER constant, 600, 608

CLONE_NEWUTC constant, 608

CLONE_NEWUTS constant, 600

CLONE_PARENT constant, 600, 608

CLONE_PARENT_SETTID constant, 600, 606

CLONE_PID constant, 600, 608

CLONE_PTRACE constant, 600, 608

CLONE_SETTLS constant, 600, 607

CLONE_SIGHAND constant, 600, 604, 605

CLONE_SYSVSEM constant, 600, 607, 987

CLONE_THREAD constant, 600, 604–606

CLONE_UNTRACED constant, 600, 608

CLONE_VFORK constant, 600, 608

CLONE_VM constant, 600, 604

clone2(), 599

close(), 70, 80–81, 426

example of use, 71

prototype, 81

CLOSE_WAIT state (TCP), 1269

close dir(), 354–355

example of use, 356

prototype, 355

close log(), 777, 780

prototype, 780

close-on-exec flag, 74, 96, 98, 355, 377, 576–578, 613, 788, 894, 1110, 1153, 1158, 1175, 1281, 1356

closeonexec.c, 578

CLOSING state (TCP), 1269

cmd LineErr(), 53–54

code of implementation, 57

prototype, 54

CMSPAR constant, 1302

COFF (Common Object File Format), 113

Columbus UNIX, 922

Comer (1999), 1235, 1438

Comer (2000), 1210, 1235, 1438

Comer, D.E., 1438

command interpreter, 24

command-line arguments, 31, 122–124, 225

Common Object File Format (COFF), 113

comp_t data type, 64, 593, 594, 598

compressed clock tick, 594

concurrent server, 912, 957, 1239–1240, 1243–1247

condition variable, 614, 642–652, 881

association with mutex, 646

destroying, 652

initializing, 651–652

signaling, 643–644

statically allocated, 643

testing associated predicate, 647–648

waiting on, 643–645

CONFIG_BSD_PROCESS_ACCT kernel option, 592

CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS kernel option, 485

CONFIG_INOTIFY kernel option, 376

CONFIG_INOTIFY_USER kernel option, 376

CONFIG_LEGACY_PTYS kernel option, 1395

CONFIG_POSIX_MQUEUE kernel option, 1063

CONFIG_PROC_FS kernel option, 275

CONFIG_PROCESS_ACCT_V3 kernel option, 597

CONFIG_RT_GROUP_SCHED kernel option, 744

CONFIG_SECURITY_FILE_CAPABILITIES kernel option, 814

CONFIG_SYSVIPC kernel option, 922

CONFIG_UNIX98_PTYS kernel option, 1381

confstr(), 48, 588, 694

congestion control (TCP), 1192, 1194, 1236, 1443

connect(), 426, 673, 1152, 1158

diagram, 1156

example of use, 1169, 1224, 1228

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 1158

used with datagram sockets, 1162

connect ed datagram socket, 1162

container, 608

controlling process, 39, 533, 700, 706–708, 712

controlling terminal, 34, 39, 77, 533, 615, 700, 705, 706–708, 1380, 1385. See also /dev/tty device

diagram, 701

obtaining name of, 707

opening, 707

Cook, L., xlii

cook ed mode (terminal I/O), 1309–1310

copy.c, 71

copy-on-write, 521, 1018

diagram, 521

Corbet (2002), 307, 1438

Corbet (2005), 278, 1422, 1438

Corbet, J., 1438

core dump file, 83, 166, 389, 441, 448–450, 530, 546, 594, 692, 789

circumstances when not produced, 448–449

naming, 449–450

obtaining for running process, 448, 1430

resource limit on size of, 760

set-user-ID programs and, 789

Cox, J., 1440

CPF_CLOEXEC constant, 1143

CPU affinity, 748

CPU time. See process time

CPU_CLR(), 749

prototype, 749

CPU_ISSET(), 749

prototype, 749

CPU_SET(), 749

example of use, 750

prototype, 749

CPU_ZERO(), 749

example of use, 750

prototype, 749

CR terminal special character, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1302, 1307

CR0 constant, 1302

CR1 constant, 1302

CR2 constant, 1302

CR3 constant, 1302

CRDLY constant, 1302

C READ constant, 1303

creat(), 78–79, 286, 345, 426, 673

prototype, 78

create_module(), 801

create_pid_file.c, 1143

create Pid File(), 1143–1144

code of implementation, 1144

credentials. See process, credentials

critical section, 631, 635

Crosby (2003), 794, 1438

Crosby, S.A., 1438

CRTSCTS constant, 1303

crypt(), 162–163, 657

example of use, 165, 425

prototype, 163

crypt_r(), 658

CS5 constant, 1303

CS6 constant, 1303

CS7 constant, 1303

CS8 constant, 1303

csh (C shell), 25

C SIZE constant, 1303

CSTOPB constant, 1303

cterm id(), 656, 707–708

prototype, 707

ctime(), 16, 188–189, 198, 657

diagram, 188

example of use, 192, 199

prototype, 188

ctime_r(), 189, 658

curr_time.c, 194

current working directory, 29, 225, 363–365, 604, 613

Currie, A.L., xlii

currTime(), 193

code of implementation, 194–195

prototype, 193

curses library, 14, 1290, 1444

Cvetkovic, D., xli

D

D

daemon process, 34, 767–774

creating, 768–771

ensuring just one instance runs, 1142–1143

programming guide lines, 771–772

reinitializing, 391, 772–775

daemon(), 770

daemon_SIGHUP.c, 774

dangling link, 28, 342, 349, 360

DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), 1180

da Silva, D., 1444

data segment, 116

resource limit on size of, 761

Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP), 1286

data-link layer, 1182

diagram, 1181

DATE MSK environment variable, 196

Davidson, F., xli

Davidson, S., xli

day light saving time, 187

day light variable, 198

dbm_clearerr(), 657

dbm_close(), 657

dbm_delete(), 657

dbm_error(), 657

dbm_fetch(), 657

dbm_first key(), 657

dbm_nextkey(), 657

dbm_open(), 657

dbm_store(), 657

DCCP (Datagram Congestion Control Protocol), 1286

DEAD_PROCESS constant, 820, 821, 822, 826

deadlock

mutex, 639

when locking files, 1128–1129

when opening FIFOs, 916

Dean, D., 1438

Deering, S., 1194

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 1180

Deitel (2004), 1147, 1438

Deitel, H.M., 1438

Deitel, P.J., 1438

delete_module(), 801

demo_clone.c, 603

demo_inotify.c, 382

demo_sched_fifo.c, 1432

demo_SIGFPE.c, 452

demo_sigio.c, 1348

demo_SIGWINCH.c, 1320

demo_timer fd.c, 510

denial-of-service attack, 793, 920, 1140, 1167, 1438

detached_attrib.c, 628

dev_t data type, 64, 280, 281

devfs file system, 253

device, 252–253

major ID, 253, 281

minor ID, 253, 281

device control operations, 86

device driver, 252, 1438

de Weerd, P., xlii

Diamond, D., 1444

diet libc, 47

Dijkstra (1968), 994, 1438

Dijkstra, E.W., 989, 1438

Dilger, A., 1441

DIR data type, 64, 352, 353, 354, 355, 357

direct I/O, 246–248

direct_read.c, 247

directory, 27, 282, 339–342

creating, 350–351

diagram, 340

opening, 76

permissions, 297

reading contents of, 352–357

removing, 351, 352

set-group-ID permission bit, 291

sticky permission bit, 300

synchronous updates, 264, 265, 267, 305, 307

directory stream, 64, 352, 613

closed on process termination, 533

file descriptor associated with, 355

dirent structure, 353

definition, 353

example of use, 356

dirfd(), 15, 355

prototype, 355

dir name(), 370–372, 657

example of use, 371

prototype, 370

disc_SIGHUP.c, 712

DISCARD terminal special character, 1296, 1297

discretionary locking, 1138

disk drive, 253

disk partition, 254

diagram, 255

disk quotas, 794, 801

display_env.c, 127

Dl_info structure, 866

definition, 866

dladdr(), 866

prototype, 866

dlclose(), 860, 861, 866, 876

example of use, 865

prototype, 866

dlerror(), 657, 862, 863

example of use, 865

prototype, 862

dlopen(), 860–862

example of use, 865

prototype, 860

dlsym(), 862–864

example of use, 865

prototype, 863

dlvsym(), 863

dmalloc (malloc debugger), 147

dnotify (directory change notification), 386, 615

DNS (Domain Name System), 1209–1212, 1437

anonymous root, 1210

domain name, 1210

iterative resolution, 1211

name server, 1210

recursive resolution, 1211

root name server, 1211

round-robin load sharing, 1247

top-level domain, 1212

Domaigné, L., xxxix

domain name, 1210

Domain Name System. See DNS

domainname command, 230

Döring, G., xxxix

dotted-decimal notation (IPv4 address), 1186

DragonFly BSD, 8

drand48(), 657

Drepper (2004a), 638, 1438

Drepper (2004b), 857, 868, 1439

Drepper (2007), 748, 1439

Drepper (2009), 795, 1439

Drepper, U., 47, 689, 1438, 1439

DST, 187

DSUSP terminal special character, 1299

DT_DIR constant, 353

DT_FIFO constant, 353

DT_LNK constant, 353

DT_NEEDED tag (ELF), 839

DT_REG constant, 353

DT_RPATH tag (ELF), 853, 854

DT_RUNPATH tag (ELF), 853, 854

DT_SONAME tag (ELF), 840

dumb terminal, 714

dump_utmpx.c, 824

Dunchak, M., xliii

dup(), 97, 426, 1425

prototype, 97

RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit and, 762

dup2(), 97, 426, 899, 900, 1426

example of use, 771, 901

prototype, 97

RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit and, 762

dup3(), 98

prototype, 98

Dupont, K., xli

dynamic linker, 36, 839

dynamic linking, 839, 840

dynamically allocated storage, 116

dynamically load ed library, 859–867

dynload.c, 865

E

E2BIG error, 565, 943, 991

EACCES error, 77, 312, 564, 702, 928, 952, 1031, 1127

eaccess(), 300

EADDRINUSE error, 1166, 1279

EAGAIN error, 57, 103, 270, 379, 460, 471, 473, 509, 761, 763, 764, 917, 918, 941, 979, 980, 1065, 1073, 1075, 1095, 1127, 1139, 1259, 1260, 1330, 1347, 1367

EAI_ADDRFAMILY constant, 1217

EAI_AGAIN constant, 1217

EAI_BADFLAGS constant, 1217

EAI_FAIL constant, 1217

EAI_FAMILY constant, 1217

EAI_MEMORY constant, 1217

EAI_NODATA constant, 1217

EAI_NONAME constant, 1217, 1219

EAI_OVERFLOW constant, 1217

EAI_SERVICE constant, 1217

EAI_SOCK TYPE constant, 1217

EAI_SYSTEM constant, 1217

EBADF error, 97, 762, 1126, 1334, 1344, 1345

Ebner, R., xlii

EBUSY error, 270, 637, 1078, 1396

ECHILD error, 542, 556, 903

ECHO constant, 1303, 1304

example of use, 1306, 1310, 1311

ECHOCTL constant, 1303, 1304

ECHOE constant, 1303, 1304

ECHOK constant, 1303, 1304

ECHOKE constant, 1303, 1304

ECHONL constant, 1296, 1303

ECHOPRT constant, 1303

ecvt(), 656, 657

edata variable, 118

diagram, 119

EDEADLK error, 636, 1129, 1139, 1431

edge-trigger ed notification, 1329–1330, 1366–1367

preventing file-descriptor starvation, 1367

EEXIST error, 76, 315, 345, 349, 350, 924, 932, 938, 969, 999, 1059, 1109, 1357

EF_DUMP CORE environment variable, 52

EFAULT error, 187, 465

EFBIG error, 761

effective group ID, 33, 168, 172, 173, 175, 177, 613

effective user ID, 33, 168, 172, 174, 175, 177, 613

effect on process capabilities, 806

EIDRM error, 933, 947, 971, 979

EINTR error, 418, 442, 443, 486, 489, 941, 944, 979, 1095, 1334, 1339

EINVAL error, 179, 216, 246, 247, 349, 381, 750, 762, 933, 950, 952, 969, 991, 999, 1000, 1014

EIO error, 709, 718, 727, 730, 764, 1382, 1388, 1389, 1396

EISDIR error, 78, 346, 349

elapsed time, 185

Electric Fence (malloc debugger), 147

ELF (Executable and Linking Format), 113, 565, 837, 1441

ELF interpreter, 565

Elliston, B., 1444

ELOOP error, 77

EMFILE error, 78, 762

EMPTY constant, 820

EMSG SIZE error, 1073, 1075

ename.c.inc, 58

encapsulation, in networking protocols, 1182

encrypt(), 657

end variable, 118

diagram, 119

endgrent(), 161, 657

end-of-file character, 1296, 1297

end-of-file condition, 30, 70

endpwent(), 160–161, 657

prototype, 161

endspent(), 161

prototype, 161

endutxent(), 657, 821

example of use, 824, 830

prototype, 821

ENFILE error, 78, 763

enforcement-mode locking, 1138

ENODATA error, 315, 316

ENOENT error, 78, 158, 346, 349, 565, 823, 924, 932, 1059, 1357, 1396, 1429

ENOEXEC error, 565

ENOMEM error, 760, 761, 1037

ENOMSG error, 944

ENOSPC error, 950, 991, 1014, 1206

ENOTDIR error, 76, 345, 349, 351, 379

ENOTEMPTY error, 349

ENOTTY error, 727, 825, 1292

env command, 126

env args.c, 566

environ variable, 34, 124, 126, 568

diagram, 126

example of use, 127, 566

environment list, 34, 125–131, 214, 225, 570–571, 612, 791

accessing from a program, 126–128

diagram, 126

modifying, 128–131

environment variable, 125

envp argument to main(), 127

ENXIO error, 707, 916, 1388

EOF terminal special character, 1296, 1297, 1305, 1307

EOL terminal special character, 1296, 1297, 1305, 1307

EOL2 terminal special character, 1296, 1297, 1305, 1307

EOVERFLOW error, 106

EPERM error, 76, 173, 346, 403, 435, 702, 705, 762, 929, 1357, 1435

ephemeral port, 1189, 1224, 1263

EPIPE error, 895, 912, 1159, 1256, 1260

Epoch, 40, 186

epoll, 1327, 1355–1367, 1439

creating epoll instance, 1356

duplicated file descriptors and, 1363–1364

edge-trigger ed notification, 1366–1367

events, 1359

waiting for, 1358–1359

interest list, 1355

modifying, 1356–1358

performance, 1365–1366

ready list, 1355

EPOLL_CLOEXEC constant, 1356

epoll_create(), 801, 1355, 1356, 1363

example of use, 1358, 1362

prototype, 1356

RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit and, 762

epoll_ctl(), 1356–1358, 1364

example of use, 1358, 1362

prototype, 1356

EPOLL_CTL_ADD constant, 1357

EPOLL_CTL_DEL constant, 1357

EPOLL_CTL_MOD constant, 1357

epoll_event structure, 1357, 1358

definition, 1357

example of use, 1362

epoll_input.c, 1362

epoll_pwait(), 1370

interrupted by signal handler, 444

interrupted by stop signal, 445

epoll_wait(), 1356, 1358–1360, 1364, 1366–1367

example of use, 1362

interrupted by signal handler, 444

interrupted by stop signal, 445

prototype, 1358

EPOLLERR constant, 1359

EPOLLET constant, 1359, 1366

EPOLLHUP constant, 1359

EPOLLIN constant, 1359

EPOLLONESHOT constant, 1359, 1360

EPOLLOUT constant, 1359

EPOLLPRI constant, 1359

EPOLLRDHUP constant, 1359

ERANGE error, 315, 363, 991

Eranian, S., 1442

ERASE terminal special character, 1296, 1297, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1307

Erickson (2008), 792, 795, 1439

Erickson, J.M., 1439

EROFS error, 78

err_exit(), 52–53

code of implementation, 56

prototype, 52

errExit(), 52

code of implementation, 55

prototype, 52

errExitEN(), 52–53

code of implementation, 56

prototype, 52

errMsg(), 52

code of implementation, 55

prototype, 52

errno variable, 45, 49, 53, 620, 780

in thread ed programs, 621

use inside signal handler, 427, 556

error handling, 48–50

error number, 49

error_functions.c, 54

error_functions.h, 52

error-diagnostic functions, 51–58

ESPIPE error, 83

ESRCH error, 158, 402, 403, 702

ESTABLISHED state (TCP), 1269

etext variable, 118

diagram, 119

ethereal command, 1277

ETIMEDOUT error, 637, 645, 1077, 1096

ETXTBSY error, 78, 373, 565

euidaccess(), 300

event (I/O), 1327

event_flags.c, 1434

event fd(), 882

EWOULDBLOCK error, 57, 103, 1119, 1330, 1347, 1367

example programs, xxxvi, 50–61, 100

EXDEV error, 349

exec shell command, 713

exec(), 32, 286, 345, 514, 563–579, 690, 801

effect on process attributes, 612–615

file descriptors and, 575–578

in multithread ed process, 605

process capabilities and, 805

set-user-ID program and, 169

signals and, 578–579

threads and, 686

execl(), 426, 567–568, 570–571

example of use, 571, 583, 587

prototype, 567

execle(), 426, 567–568, 570

example of use, 570

prototype, 567

execlp(), 567–569, 570, 575, 589

avoid in privileged programs, 788

example of use, 570, 901, 1392

prototype, 567

execlp.c, 1430

Executable and Linking Format (ELF), 113, 565, 837, 1441

execute permission, 29, 282, 295, 297

execv(), 426, 567–568, 570

prototype, 567

execve(), 32, 426, 514, 563–566, 567–568, 593

diagram, 515

example of use, 566

prototype, 564

execvp(), 567–570, 575, 1430

avoid in privileged programs, 788

prototype, 567

execvpe(), 568

exit handler, 532, 533–537, 615

exit status, 32, 545

exit(), 32, 390, 513, 531–533, 692

diagram, 515

example of use, 537

prototype, 532

threads and, 687

EXIT_FAILURE constant, 532

exit_group(), 692

exit_handlers.c, 536

exit_status structure, 819

definition, 819

EXIT_SUCCESS constant, 532

expect command, 1379

explicit congestion notification (TCP), 1194, 1267, 1439

export shell command, 125

ext2 file system, 234, 255, 257–259

i-node flag, 304–308

ext3 file system, 260

i-node flag, 304–308

ext4 file system, 261, 1441

i-node flag, 304–308

extended attribute, 311–318

implementation limits, 314

name, 312

name space, 312

os2 (JFS), 312

security, 312, 801

system, 312, 321, 327

trusted, 312, 316, 801

user, 312

extended file attribute (i-node flag), 304–308

extended network ID, 1187

diagram, 1187

F

F_DUPFD constant, 97

RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit and, 762

F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC constant, 98

F_GETFD constant, 577

example of use, 578

F_GETFL constant, 93–94, 96

example of use, 518, 917, 1349

F_GETLK constant, 1127

example of use, 1131, 1135

F_GETOWN constant, 1350–1351

F_GETOWN_EX constant, 1351, 1354, 1355

F_GETPIPE_SZ constant, 892

F_GETSIG constant, 1352, 1353

F_NOTIFY constant, 386, 615

F_OK constant, 299

f_owner_ex structure, 1354, 1355

definition, 1354

F_OWNER_PGRP constant, 1354

F_OWNER_PID constant, 1354

F_OWNER_TID constant, 1355

F_RDLCK constant, 1125

example of use, 1131

F_SETFD constant, 577

example of use, 578

F_SETFL constant, 93–94, 96

example of use, 519, 917, 1347, 1349

F_SETLEASE constant, 615, 800, 1142

F_SETLK constant, 1126–1127

example of use, 1131, 1134

F_SETLKW constant, 673, 1127

example of use, 1131, 1134

F_SETOWN constant, 1281, 1283, 1347

example of use, 1349

F_SETOWN_EX constant, 1354

F_SETPIPE_SZ constant, 891

F_SETSIG constant, 1281, 1352–1353

F_UNLCK constant, 1125

example of use, 1131

F_WRLCK constant, 1125

example of use, 1131

Fabry, R.S., 1442

faccessat(), 365, 426

fallocate(), 83

FALSE constant, 51

FAM (File Alteration Monitor), 375

FASYNC constant, 1347

fatal(), 54

code of implementation, 56

prototype, 54

fchdir(), 364

example of use, 364

prototype, 364

fchmod(), 286, 303, 426, 1110

prototype, 303

fchmodat(), 365, 426

fchown(), 221, 286, 291–293, 426, 1110

prototype, 292

fchownat(), 365, 426

fchroot(), 368

fcntl(), 92–93, 426, 673, 1124, 1134

changing signal associated with a file descriptor, 1352–1353

duplicating file descriptors, 97–98

example of use, 518, 578, 1131, 1349

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 93

retrieving and setting file descriptor flags, 577–578

retrieving and setting open file status flags, 93–94

setting file descriptor owner, 1347

setting pipe capacity, 891–892

fcvt(), 656, 657

FD_CLOEXEC constant, 75, 98, 355, 377, 472, 508, 577, 894, 1110, 1153, 1158, 1175, 1281, 1356

example of use, 578

FD_CLR(), 1331–1332

prototype, 1332

FD_ISSET(), 1331–1332

example of use, 1336

prototype, 1332

fd_set data type, 64, 1331, 1332, 1344, 1369

FD_SET(), 1331–1332

example of use, 1335

prototype, 1332

FD_SETSIZE constant, 1332

FD_ZERO(), 1331–1332

example of use, 1335

prototype, 1332

fdata sync(), 240–241, 242, 244, 426, 673, 1032

prototype, 240

fdisk command, 254

fd open(), 248–249, 892, 906

prototype, 248

fd open dir(), 15, 353

prototype, 353

feature test macro, 61–63

feenableexcept(), 391

Fellinger, P., xli, xlii

Fenner, B., 1421, 1444

fexecve(), 15, 426, 571

prototype, 571

FF0 constant, 1302

FF1 constant, 1302

FFDLY constant, 1302

fflush(), 239, 244, 538

prototype, 239

fg shell command, 715

diagram, 717

fgetxattr(), 315

prototype, 315

FIBMAP constant, 255

FIFO, 282, 392, 882, 883, 886, 906–918. See also pipe

creating dual pipe line with tee(1), diagram, 908

deadlock during open by two processes, diagram, 917

open() semantics, 907, 915–916

poll() on, 1342

read() semantics, 917–918

select() on, 1342

write() semantics, 918

fifo_seqnum.h, 911

fifo_seqnum_client.c, 914

fifo_seqnum_server.c, 912, 920

file, 27

appending output to, 92

blocks allocated to, 282

compression, 306

control operations, 92

creating, 76

creating exclusively, 76, 90–92

deleting, 346, 352

descriptor. See file descriptor

holes in, 83, 259, 283

lease, 615, 800, 1135, 1142

lock. See file lock

mapping. See file mapping

maximum size of, 258

offset. See file offset

on-disk structure

diagram, 258

opening, 72–79

optimal I/O block size, 283

randomly accessing, 81–86

reading, 79–80

renaming, 348–349

resource limit on size, 761

retrieving metadata, 279–285

sharing of open file by parent and child, 517–520

size, 282

synchronous updates, 264, 267, 307

temporary, 108–109

timestamps. See file timestamps

truncating, 103

truncation on open(), 77

type, 27, 95, 256, 281

diagram, 281

writing, 80

file access mode, 72, 75, 93, 95

File Alteration Monitor (FAM), 375

file capabilities, 799, 803–804, 1440

effective, 799, 802

inheritable, 799, 803

permitted, 799, 802

file creation flags, 75

file descriptor, 30, 69, 94, 530, 603, 613

closed on process termination, 533

diagram, 95, 520

duplicating, 96–98

multiplexing, 1327, 1330–1346

passing via UNIX domain socket, 1284

for POSIX shared memory object, 1108

ready, 1327

refers to same open file in fork ed child, 517

relationship to open file, 94–96

resource limit on number of open, 762

file descriptor set, 64, 1331

file hole, 83, 259, 283

file I/O, 29

advising kernel about access patterns, 244

benchmarking, 236

buffering, 233–250

diagram, 244

large files, 104–107

performing at a specified offset, 98–99

scatter-gather I/O, 99–102

speed, 235, 236, 242

file lease, 615, 800, 1135, 1142

file lock, 533, 881, 882, 884, 886, 1117–1144

advisory, 1119, 1137

comparison of semantics of flock() and fcntl(), 1136–1137

deadlock, 1128–1129

with fcntl(), 614, 1124–1137

semantics of lock inheritance and release, 1136–1137

with flock(), 614, 1119–1124

limitations, 1123–1124

semantics of lock inheritance and release, 1122–1123

limits, 1135–1136

Linux Threads nonconformance, 691

mandatory, 265, 293, 1119, 1137–1140

priority of queued lock requests, 1137

speed, 1135–1136

starvation, 1137

file mapping, 35, 882, 886, 1017, 1024–1031

diagram, 1025

private, 1018, 1024–1025

shared, 1019, 1025–1029

file mode creation mask (umask), 301–303, 328, 351, 604, 613, 790, 907, 923, 1060, 1065, 1091, 1110, 1174

file offset, 81, 94, 613

changing, 81

file ownership, 29, 281, 291–294, 800

changing, 291–294

of new files, 291

file permissions, 29, 281, 282, 294–299, 800

changing, 303–304

diagram, 281

permission-checking algorithm, 297–299

file status flags, open, 75, 93–94, 95, 96, 518, 613

file system, 22, 254–256

busy, 270

diagram, 27, 255

mount point, 261

diagram, 262

mounting, 264–269

at multiple mount points, 271

retrieving information about mount ed, 276–277

stacking multiple mounts, 271–272

unmounting, 269–270

file timestamps, 257, 283, 285–287

changing, 286, 287–290

last access time, 74, 76–77, 257, 264, 265, 266, 267, 283, 285, 286, 287, 289, 305, 306

last modification time, 257, 283, 285, 286, 287

last status change time, 257, 283, 285, 286

nanosecond precision, 287

file tree walking, 358–363

file_perms.c, 296

file_perms.h, 296

file_type_stats.c, 1429

file-based mapping. See file mapping

filename, 28, 341

maximum length, 214, 340

fileno(), 248

prototype, 248

filePermStr(), 295–296

code of implementation, 296

example of use, 284, 303

file-system group ID, 171–172, 178, 298, 615

Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE), 255, 267

file-system user ID, 171–172, 178, 615, 800

effect on process capabilities, 807

filter, 31, 899

FIN control bit (TCP), 1267

FIN_WAIT1 state (TCP), 1269

FIN_WAIT2 state (TCP), 1269

finger command, 154

FIOCLEX constant, 577

FIOGETOWN constant, 1350

FIONCLEX constant, 577

FIONREAD constant, 381, 892, 1153, 1291

FIOSETOWN constant, 1350

FIPS 151-1, 12

FIPS 151-2, 12

Fletcher, G., xlii

flistxattr(), 316

prototype, 316

floating-point environment, 615, 620

floating-point exception (error message). See SIGFPE signal

flock structure, 1124–1126

definition, 1124

example of use, 1130

flock(), 1119–1122, 1147, 1435

example of use, 1121

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 1119

flow control (TCP), 1192

Floyd (1994), 1267, 1439

Floyd, S., 1194, 1439

FLUSHO constant, 1303

footprint.c, 522

FOPEN_MAX constant, 215

fopen64(), 105

For portability comment in function prototypes, 67

foreground process group, 39, 700, 708

diagram, 701, 717

signal ed on terminal window size change, 1319–1320

terminal-generated signals and, 1290

Forero Cuervo, A., xlii

fork bomb, 793

fork handler, 609, 687

fork(), 31, 426, 513, 515–522, 589, 609, 690, 1430

copy-on-write semantics, 521

diagram, 515

effect on process attributes, 612–615

example of use, 516, 517, 519, 526, 543, 554, 582, 587, 770, 900, 1387

file descriptors and, 96, 517–520

glibc wrapper invokes clone(), 609

memory semantics, 520–521

prototype, 516

RLIMIT_NPROC resource limit and, 763

scheduling of parent and child after, 525

speed, 610

stdio buffers and, 537–538

threads and, 686

fork_file_sharing.c, 518

fork_sig_sync.c, 528

fork_stdio_buf.c, 537

fork_whos_on_first.c, 526

format-string attack, 780

Fox, B., 25

fpath conf(), 217–218, 425, 426

example of use, 218

prototype, 217

FPE_FLTDIV constant, 441

FPE_FLTINV constant, 441

FPE_FLTOVF constant, 441

FPE_FLTRES constant, 441

FPE_FLTUND constant, 441

FPE_INTDIV constant, 441

FPE_INTOVF constant, 441

FPE_SUB constant, 441

FQDN (fully qualified domain name), 1210

fragmentation of free disk space, 257

Franke (2002), 638, 1439

Franke, H., 1439

Free Software Foundation, 5

free(), 140–142, 144, 423

example of use, 143

implementation, 144–146

diagram, 145

prototype, 141

free_and_sbrk.c, 142

free addrinfo(), 1217

example of use, 1222

prototype, 1217

FreeBSD, 7, 1442

fremovexattr(), 286, 316

prototype, 316

Frisch (2002), 616, 818, 1439

Frisch, A., 1439

FS_APPEND_FL constant, 305, 306

FS_COMPR_FL constant, 305, 306

FS_DIRSYNC_FL constant, 265, 305, 306, 307

FS_IMMUTABLE_FL constant, 305, 306, 307

FS_IOC_GETFLAGS constant, 308

FS_IOC_SETFLAGS constant, 308

FS_JOURNAL_DATA_FL constant, 305

FS_JOURNAL_FL constant, 306

FS_NOATIME_FL constant, 77, 265, 305, 306

FS_NODUMP_FL constant, 305, 307

FS_NOTAIL_FL constant, 305, 307

FS_SECRM_FL constant, 305, 307

FS_SYNC_FL constant, 305, 307

FS_TOPDIR_FL constant, 305, 307

FS_UNRM_FL constant, 305, 307

fsblkcnt_t data type, 64, 276

fsck command, 260, 263

fsetxattr(), 286, 314–315

prototype, 314

fsfilcnt_t data type, 64, 276

fstab file format, 263

fstat(), 279–283, 426, 907, 1110

example of use, 1023, 1113

prototype, 279

fstatat(), 365, 426

fstatfs(), 277

fstatvfs(), 276–277

prototype, 276

fsync(), 240–241, 242, 244, 265, 426, 673, 1240

prototype, 240

ftok(), 925–927, 936

prototype, 925

example of use, 930

ftruncate(), 103, 286, 426, 800, 1139

example of use, 1111, 1112

prototype, 103

use with POSIX shared memory object, 1110

fts_open(), 358

FTW structure, 360

definition, 360

example of use, 360

ftw(), 16, 358, 657

FTW_ACTIONRETVAL constant, 362

FTW_CHDIR constant, 359

FTW_CONTINUE constant, 362

FTW_D constant, 359

FTW_DEPTH constant, 359

FTW_DNR constant, 359

FTW_DP constant, 359

FTW_F constant, 359

FTW_MOUNT constant, 359

FTW_NS constant, 359

FTW_PHYS constant, 359, 360

FTW_SKIP_SIBLINGS constant, 363

FTW_SKIP_SUBTREE constant, 363

FTW_SL constant, 359, 360

FTW_SLN constant, 360

FTW_STOP constant, 363

fully qualified domain name (FQDN), 1210

FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace), 255, 267

fuser command, 342

futex (fast user space mutex), 605, 607, 638, 1438, 1439

futex(), 638, 1090

interrupted by signal, 444

interrupted by stop signal, 445

FUTEX_WAIT constant, 444, 445

futimens(), 15, 286, 426

futimes(), 15, 286, 288–289, 426

prototype, 289

G

gai_strerror(), 1217–1218

prototype, 1218

Gallmeister (1995), 222, 512, 751, 1087, 1327, 1439

Gallmeister, B.O., 1439

Gamin, 375

Gammo (2004), 1374, 1439

Gammo, L., 1439

Gancarz (2003), 1422, 1439

Gancarz, M., 1439

Garfinkel (2003), 20, 795, 1439

Garfinkel, S., 1439

gather output, 102

gcore (gdb) command, 448, 1430

gcvt(), 656, 657

gdb program, 1442

General Public License (GPL), 5

get_current_dir_name(), 364

get_num.c, 59

get_num.h, 59

get_robust_list(), 801

get_thread_area(), 692

get addrinfo(), 1205, 1213–1217

diagram, 1215

example of use, 1221, 1224, 1228, 1229

prototype, 1213

GETALL constant, 971, 972

example of use, 974

getc_unlock ed(), 657

getchar_unlock ed(), 657

getconf command, 215

getcontext(), 442

getcwd(), 363–364

prototype, 363

get date(), 196, 657

get date_r(), 196

getdents(), 352

get domainname(), 230

getdtable size(), 215

getegid(), 172–173, 426

prototype, 173

getenv(), 127–128, 657

example of use, 1392

prototype, 127

geteuid(),172–173, 426

prototype, 173

getfacl command, 325

getfattr command, 312

getfsent(), 263

getgid(),172–173, 426

prototype, 173

getgrent(), 161, 657

getgrgid(),158–159, 657

example of use, 160

prototype, 158

getgrgid_r(), 158, 658

getgrnam(), 158–159, 657

example of use, 160

prototype, 158

getgrnam_r(), 158, 658

get groups(), 179, 426

example of use, 183

prototype, 179

get hostbyaddr(), 16, 656, 657, 1205, 1231–1232

prototype, 1231

get hostbyname(), 16, 656, 657, 1205, 1231–1232,

example of use, 1233

prototype, 1231

get hostbyname_r(), 658

get hostent(), 657

get hostname(), 230

getInt(), 58–59

code of implementation, 60–61

prototype, 58

getitimer(), 16, 481

example of use, 483

prototype, 481

get login(), 657, 825, 826

prototype, 825

get login_r(), 658, 825

get Long(), 58–59

code of implementation, 60

prototype, 58

getmntent(), 263

get msg(), 673

get name info(), 1205, 1218–1219

example of use, 1230

prototype, 1218

GETNCNT constant, 972

example of use, 974

get netbyaddr(), 657

get netbyname(), 657

get netent(), 657

getopt(), 657, 1405–1411

example of use, 1409

prototype, 1406

getopt_long(), 1411

get page size(), 215

get pass(), 164, 166

example of use, 165

prototype, 164

getpeername(), 426, 1263–1264

example of use, 1265

prototype, 1263

getpgid(), 704

getpgrp(), 426, 701–702, 704

example of use, 706, 720

prototype, 701

GETPID constant, 972

example of use, 974

getpid(), 114, 426, 604, 690

prototype, 114

getpmsg(), 673

getppid(), 115, 426, 553, 608, 690

prototype, 115

getpriority(), 735–736

example of use, 737

prototype, 735

getprotobyname(), 657

getprotobynumber(), 657

getprotoent(), 657

getpwent(), 161, 657

prototype, 161

getpwnam(), 157–158, 657

example of use, 160, 165

prototype, 157

getpwnam_r(), 158, 658

getpwuid(),157–158, 657

example of use, 159

prototype, 157

getpwuid_r(), 158, 658

getresgid(), 176–177

prototype, 177

getresuid(), 176–177

example of use, 182

prototype, 177

getrlimit(), 755–757, 759

example of use, 758

prototype, 756

getrusage(), 560, 619, 691, 694, 753–755, 765

prototype, 753

getservbyname(), 657, 1205, 1234

prototype, 1234

getservbyname_r(), 658

getservbyport(), 657, 1205, 1234–1235

prototype, 1234

get servent(), 657

getsid(), 704–705

example of use, 706, 720

prototype, 704

get sock name(), 426, 1263–1264

example of use, 1265

prototype, 1263

get sockopt(), 426, 1278–1279

prototype, 1278

getspent(), 161–162

prototype, 161

getspnam(), 161–162

example of use, 165

prototype, 161

get text API, 202

gettid(), 226, 497, 605, 625, 749, 1355

get timeofday(), 16, 186–187

diagram, 188

example of use, 192, 482, 490

prototype, 186

getty command, 820

getuid(),172–173, 426

prototype, 173

getutent_r(), 658, 823

getutid_r(), 658, 823

getutline_r(), 658, 823

getutxent(), 657, 822

example of use, 824

prototype, 822

getutxid(), 657, 822–823

prototype, 822

getutxline(), 657, 822–823

prototype, 822

GETVAL constant, 971, 972

getwd(), 364

getxattr(), 315, 329, 345

example of use, 318

prototype, 315

GETZCNT constant, 972

example of use, 974

GID (group ID), 26, 64, 153, 156

gid_t data type, 64, 157, 158, 159, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 280, 292, 330, 927

Gilligan, S., 1194

glibc. See GNU C library

globbing, 903

Gloger, W., xxxix

Gmelch, T., xlii

gmtime(), 189, 657

diagram, 188

example of use, 192

prototype, 189

gmtime_r(), 189, 658

GNU C library, 47–48

determining version, 47–48

manual, 1421

GNU project, 5–6, 1422

GNU/Linux, 6

gnu_get_libc_version(), 48

prototype, 48

Göllesch, N., xli

Gont (2008), 1235, 1439

Gont (2009a), 1235, 1439

Gont (2009b), 1283, 1439

Gont, F., xxxix, 1439

Goodheart (1994), 20, 24, 250, 278, 419, 530, 936, 1044, 1440

Goodheart, B., 1440

Goralski (2009), 1235, 1440

Goralski, W., 1440

Gorman (2004), 138, 1440

Gorman, M., xli, 1440

GPL (General Public License), 5

grantpt(), 1380–1381

example of use, 1384

prototype, 1381

Gratzl, C., xli, xlii

group file, 155–156

retrieving records from, 158–160

group ID, 26, 64, 153, 156

group structure, 159

definition, 159

example of use, 160

groupIdFromName(), 159

code of implementation, 160

group NameFromId(), 159

code of implementation, 160

groups command, 155

Grünbacher (2003), 337, 1440

Grünbacher, A., xl, 337, 1440

Gutmann (1996), 307, 1440

Gutmann, P., 1440

H

h_errno variable, 1231

Haig, B., xlii

Hallyn (2007), 814, 1440

Hallyn, S., xli, 1437, 1440

handle, 331

Handley, M., 1194

handling_SIGTSTP.c, 724

Harbison (2002), xxxiv, 30, 1440

Harbison, S.P., 1440

hard link. See link

hard realtime, 738

HARD_MSG MAX constant, 1086

Hartinger, M., xli, xlii

Hauben, R., 20

hcreate(), 657

hdestroy(), 657

heap, 31, 116, 612

Heasman, J., 1437

Hellwig, C., xl

Henderson, R., xli

Herbert (2004), 1235, 1440

Herbert, T.F., 1440

herror(), 1232–1233

prototype, 1233

hex-string notation (IPv6 address), 1188

high-resolution timers, 485

Hinden, R., 1194

Hoffman, R., xliii

home directory, 26, 154

HOME environment variable, 34, 154

host byte order, 1198

host ID, 1186

hostent structure, 1232

definition, 1232

example of use, 1233

hostname, 1204

canonical, 1210, 1216

hostname command, 230

Howard, M., xlii

HP-UX, 5

hsearch(), 657

hstrerror(), 1232–1233

prototype, 1233

htonl(), 1199

prototype, 1199

htons(), 1199

prototype, 1199

Hubička (2003), 837, 1440

Hubička, J., 1440

huge page, 999

HUPCL constant, 1303

HURD, 6, 1443

HZ constant, 205

I

i_fcntl_locking.c, 1130

i6d_ucase.h, 1207

i6d_ucase_cl.c, 1209

i6d_ucase_sv.c, 1208

I18N, 200

IA-64, 10, 1442

IANA (Internet Assign ed Numbers Authority), 1189

ICANON constant, 1296, 1297, 1303, 1305, 1307

example of use, 1310, 1311

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), 1181

ICRNL constant, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1302

example of use, 1310, 1311

id_echo.h, 1240

id_echo_cl.c, 1242

id_echo_sv.c, 1241

id_t data type, 64, 550, 735

idshow.c, 182

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers), 11

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), 1193

IEXTEN constant, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1303, 1305, 1307

example of use, 1311

IFS environment variable, 581, 791

IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol), 1181

IGNBRK constant, 1302, 1304

example of use, 1311

IGNCR constant, 1296, 1297, 1302

example of use, 1311

ignore_pending_sig.c, 1429

IGNPAR constant, 1302, 1305

ILL_BADSTK constant, 441

ILL_COPROC constant, 441

ILL_ILLADR constant, 441

ILL_ILLOPC constant, 441

ILL_ILLOPN constant, 441

ILL_ILLTRP constant, 441

ILL_PRVOPC constant, 441

ILL_PRVREG constant, 441

IMAXBEL constant, 1302, 1305

IN_ACCESS constant, 378

in_addr structure, 1202, 1231, 1232

in_addr_t data type, 64, 1202

IN_ALL_EVENTS constant, 378

IN_ATTRIB constant, 378, 379

IN_CLOEXEC constant, 377

IN_CLOSE constant, 378

IN_CLOSE_NOWRITE constant, 378

IN_CLOSE_WRITE constant, 378

IN_CREATE constant, 378

IN_DELETE constant, 378, 379

IN_DELETE_SELF constant, 378, 379

IN_DONT_FOLLOW constant, 378, 379

IN_IGNORED constant, 378, 380, 381

IN_ISDIR constant, 378, 380

IN_MASK_ADD constant, 378, 379

IN_MODIFY constant, 378

IN_MOVE constant, 378

IN_MOVE_SELF constant, 378, 379

IN_MOVED_FROM constant, 378, 379, 381

IN_MOVED_TO constant, 378, 379, 381

IN_NONBLOCK constant, 377

IN_ONESHOT constant, 378, 379, 380

IN_ONLYDIR constant, 378, 379

IN_OPEN constant, 378

in_port_t data type, 64, 1202, 1203

IN_Q_OVERFLOW constant, 378, 385

IN_UNMOUNT constant, 378, 381

in6_addr structure, 1202, 1203, 1232

in6addr_any variable, 1203

IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT constant, 1203

in6addr_loop back variable, 1203

IN6ADDR_LOOP BACK_INIT constant, 1203

INADDR_ANY constant, 1187

INADDR_LOOP BACK constant, 1187

INET_ADDRSTRLEN constant, 1206

inet_aton(), 1204, 1230–1231

prototype, 1231

inet_ntoa(), 657, 1204, 1231

prototype, 1231

inet_ntop(), 1205, 1206

example of use, 1208, 1234

prototype, 1206

inet_pton(), 1205, 1206

example of use, 1209

prototype, 1206

inet_sockets.c, 1228

inet_sockets.h, 1226

INET6_ADDRSTRLEN constant, 1206

inet AddressStr(), 1227

code of implementation, 1230

example of use, 1265

prototype, 1227

inet Bind(), 1227

code of implementation, 1230

example of use, 1241

prototype, 1227

inet Connect(), 1226

code of implementation, 1228

example of use, 1242, 1258, 1265

prototype, 1226

inetd (Internet super server daemon), 768, 1247–1251

inet Listen(), 1226–1227

code of implementation, 1230

example of use, 1245, 1265

prototype, 1226

info documents, 1421

init process, 33, 115, 402, 768, 805, 815, 820

adopts orphaned processes, 553

cleans up utmp file during system boot, 826

sends SIG TERM to children on system shutdown, 772

sent SIGPWR on power failure, 392

signals and, 402

updates login accounting files, 820

init_module(), 801

INIT_PROCESS constant, 820, 821, 822

init groups(), 179–180, 800

prototype, 179

initial thread, 622

initialized data segment, 116, 117, 118, 1019, 1025

initSemAvailable(), 989–990

code of implementation, 990

example of use, 1004

initSemInUse(), 989–990

code of implementation, 990

example of use, 1004

INLCR constant, 1296, 1302

example of use, 1311

ino_t data type, 64, 280, 353

i-node, 95, 256–259

diagram, 95, 258, 340

i-node flag, 304–308

i-node number, 64, 256, 281, 341

i-node table, 256, 340

inotify (file system event notification)

read() interrupted by signal handler, 444

read() interrupted by stop signal, 445

inotify (notification of file-system events), 375–385

inotify_add_watch(), 376, 377

example of use, 383

prototype, 377

inotify_event structure, 379–381

definition, 379

diagram, 380

example of use, 382

inotify _init(), 376–377

example of use, 383

prototype, 376

inotify _init1(), 377

inotify_rm_watch(), 376, 378

prototype, 378

INPCK constant, 1302, 1305

example of use, 1311

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), 11

int32_t data type, 472, 593, 819

International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 11

internationalization, 200

internet, 1179

Internet Assign ed Numbers Authority (IANA), 1189

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), 1181

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 1193

Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), 1181

Internet protocol (IP). See IP

Internet Society, 1193

Internet super server daemon (inetd), 768, 1247–1251

Internet Systems Consortium, 1210

interpreter, 572

interpreter script, 572–575

interprocess communication (IPC), 37, 877–887

performance, 887

persistence of IPC objects, 886

taxonomy of facilities, diagram, 878

interrupt character, 392, 1296, 1297

interruptible sleep state, 451

interval timer, 479–485, 614

scheduling and accuracy, 485

intmax_t data type, 66

intquit.c, 401

INTR terminal special character, 1296, 1297, 1303, 1305

invalid memory reference, 393

I/O

asynchronous I/O, POSIX, 613, 1327, 1347

buffering. See buffering of file I/O

direct, 246–248

event, 1327

file. See file I/O

large file, 76, 104–107

memory-mapped, 1019, 1026–1027

multiplexed, 1327, 1330–1346

nonblocking, 77, 103–104, 915–917, 1326, 1330

signal-driven, 75, 95, 1327, 1346–1355, 1367

synchronous, 241–243

io_getevents(), interrupted by signal handler, 444

ioctl(), 72, 86, 308, 1293, 1319

example of use, 1320, 1387

interrupted by signal handler, 443

prototype, 86

ioperm(), 801

iopl(), 801

IOPRIO_CLASS_RT constant, 801

ioprio_set(), 801

IOV_MAX constant, 100

iovec structure, 99–100, 102

definition, 99

example of use, 101

IP (Internet protocol), 1184–1186, 1193, 1439

address, 1186–1188

datagram, 1184

duplication of, 1185

diagram, 1181

fragmentation, 1185, 1440

header, 1185

checksum, 1185

minimum reassembly buffer size, 1185

unreliability, 1185

IPC. See interprocess communication

ipc(), 922

IPC_CREAT constant, 924, 925, 932, 938, 969, 998

example of use, 939

IPC_EXCL constant, 924, 925, 928, 932, 938, 969, 999

example of use, 940

IPC_INFO constant, 936, 951, 992, 1015

IPC_NOWAIT constant, 941, 943, 979

example of use, 942, 946, 983

ipc_perm structure, 927–928, 948, 972, 1012

definition, 927

IPC_PRIVATE constant, 925, 928

example of use, 939, 960

IPC_RMID constant, 801, 924, 929, 947, 971, 1011

example of use, 948

IPC_SET constant, 801, 927, 928, 929, 947, 948, 949, 971, 973, 1011, 1013

example of use, 927, 950

IPC_STAT constant, 927, 929, 947, 971, 1011

example of use, 927, 950, 974, 975

IPCMNI constant, 951, 992, 1015

ipcrm command, 934

ipcs command, 934, 952

IPPROTO_SCTP constant, 1286

IPv4, 1184

address, 1186–1187

loop back address, 1187

socket address, 1202

wildcard address, 1187

IPv4-mapped IPv6 address, 1188

diagram, 1188

IPv5, 1184

IPv6, 1184, 1194

address, 1188

loop back address, 1188, 1203

socket address, 1202

wildcard address, 1188, 1203

IS_ADDR_STR_LEN constant, 1227

is_echo_cl.c, 1258, 1287

is_echo_inetd_sv.c, 1251

is_echo_sv.c, 1244, 1252

is_echo_v2_sv.c, 1435

is_seqnum.h, 1220

is_seqnum_cl.c, 1224

is_seqnum_sv.c, 1221

is_seqnum_v2.h, 1435

is_seqnum_v2_cl.c, 1435

is_seqnum_v2_sv.c, 1435

isalpha(), 202

isatty(), 1321

example of use, 720

prototype, 1321

ISIG constant, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1303

example of use, 1310, 1311

ISO (International Organization for Standardization), 11

ISO/IEC 9899:1990, 11

ISO/IEC 9899:1999, 11

ISO/IEC 9945:2002, 13

ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990, 11

ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996, 12

ISO/IEC 9945-2:1993, 12

ISTRIP constant, 1302

example of use, 1311

iterative resolution (DNS), 1211

iterative server, 912, 1239–1242

ITIMER_PROF constant, 480

ITIMER_REAL constant, 480

example of use, 484

ITIMER_VIRTUAL constant, 480

itimerspec structure, 498, 499, 508, 509

definition, 498

itimerspec_from_str.c, 502

itimerspecFromStr(), 502

code of implementation, 502–503

itimer val structure, 480, 481

definition, 480

IUCLC constant, 1302, 1303, 1305

IUTF8 constant, 1302, 1305

IXANY constant, 1299, 1302

IXOFF constant, 1296, 1298, 1299, 1302

IXON constant, 1296, 1298, 1302

example of use, 1311

J

Jacobson, V., 1194

Jaeger, A., xl

jail() (BSD), 368

Java Native Interface (JNI), 837, 1441

JFS file system, 261

i-node flag, 304–308

jiffy, 205–206

Jinmei, T., 1194

JNI (Java Native Interface), 837, 1441

job. See process group

job control, 39, 221, 714–725

diagram, 717

implementation, 717–718

shell commands, 714–717

job_mon.c, 719

job-control signal, 717

handling within applications, 722–725

jobs shell command, 715

Johnson (2005), 1440

Johnson, M.K., 1440

Johnson, R., 1438

Johnson, S., 4

Jolitz, L.G., 7

Jolitz, W.F., 7

Jones, R., xl

Josey (2004), 20, 222, 1440

Josey, A., xli, 1440

journaling file system, 260–261

Joy, W.N., 4, 25, 1442

jumbogram, 1185

K

K&R C, 10

Kahabka, T., xlii

Kara, J., xlii

Kegel, D., 1374

Kegel, K., xli

Kent (1987), 1186, 1440

Kent, A., 1440

kernel, 21

configuration, 1417

source code, 1424

kernel mode, 23, 44

kernel scheduling entity (KSE), 603, 687

kernel space, 23

kernel stack, 44, 122

kernel thread, 241, 608, 768

Kernighan (1988), xxxiv, 10, 11, 30, 1440

Kernighan, B.W., 1437, 1440

kexec_load(), 801

key_t data type, 64, 925, 927, 938, 969, 998

KEYCTL_CHOWN constant, 801

KEYCTL_SETPERM constant, 801

KILL terminal special character, 1296, 1298, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1307

kill(), 401–403, 426, 439, 441, 458, 800

example of use, 405, 413

prototype, 402

killable sleep state, 451

killpg(), 405, 458

prototype, 405

Kirkwood, M., 1439

Kleen, A., xl

Kleikamp, D., xlii

klogctl(), 776

klogd daemon, 776

diagram, 775

Kopparapu (2002), 1247, 1440

Kopparapu, C., 1440

Korn shell (ksh), 25

Korn, D., 25

Korrel, K., xlii

Kozierok (2005), 1235, 1441

Kozierok, C.M., 1441

kqueue API (BSD), 375, 1328, 1441

Kroah-Hartman (2003), 253, 1441

Kroah-Hartman, G., 1438, 1441

KSE (kernel scheduling entity), 603, 687

ksh (Korn shell), 25

Kumar (2008), 307, 1441

Kumar, A., 1441

kupdated kernel thread, 241, 1032

Kuznetsov, A., 1443

L

L_cterm id constant, 708

L_INCR constant, 82

L_SET constant, 82

L_XTND constant, 82

l64a(), 657

Landers, M., xl, xlii

LANG environment variable, 203

large file I/O, 76, 104–107

Large File Summit (LFS), 104

large_file.c, 105

last access time, file timestamp, 74, 76–77, 257, 264, 265, 266, 267, 283, 285, 286, 287, 289, 305, 306

last command, 817

last modification time, file timestamp, 257, 283, 285, 286, 287

last status change time, file timestamp, 257, 283, 285, 286

LAST_ACK state (TCP), 1270

lastcomm command, 591

lastlog command, 830

lastlog file, 830

example of use, 831

lastlog structure, 830

definition, 830

example of use, 831

Lawyer, D., 1322

lazy swap reservation, 1038

LC_ADDRESS locale category, 202

LC_ALL environment variable, 203

LC_ALL locale category, 203

LC_COLLATE environment variable, 203

LC_COLLATE locale category, 202

LC_CTYPE environment variable, 203

LC_CTYPE locale category, 202

LC_IDENTIFICATION locale category, 202

LC_MEASUREMENT locale category, 202

LC_MESSAGES environment variable, 203

LC_MESSAGES locale category, 202

LC_MONETARY environment variable, 203

LC_MONETARY locale category, 202

LC_NAME locale category, 202

LC_NUMERIC environment variable, 203

LC_NUMERIC locale category, 202

LC_PAPER locale category, 202

LC_TELEPHONE locale category, 202

LC_TIME environment variable, 203

LC_TIME locale category, 202

lchown(), 286, 292–293, 345

prototype, 292

ld command, 833

LD_ASSUME_KERNEL environment variable, 695

LD_BIND_NOW environment variable, 861

LD_DEBUG environment variable, 874–875

LD_DEBUG_OUTPUT environment variable, 875

LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable, 840, 853, 854

LD_PRELOAD environment variable, 873

LD_RUN_PATH environment variable, 851

ld config command, 848–849

ldd command, 843

lease, file, 615, 800, 1135, 1142

least privilege, 784

Leffler, S.J., 1442

LEGACY (SUSv3 specification), 15

Lemon (2001), 1328, 1441

Lemon (2002), 1185, 1441

Lemon, J., 1441

Leroy, X., 689

level-trigger ed notification, 1329–1330

Levine (2000), 857, 1441

Levine, J., 1441

Lewine (1991), 222, 1441

Lewine, D., 1441

Lezcano, D., 1437

LFS (Large File Summit), 104

lgamma(), 657

lgammaf(), 657

lgammal(), 657

lgetxattr(), 315, 345

prototype, 315

Liang (1999), 837, 1441

Liang, S., 1441

libcap package, 807

libcap-ng package, 808

Libenzi, D., xli

Libes (1989), 20, 1441

Libes, D., 1441

lib event library, 1328

library function, 46

error handling, 50

Lib tool program, 857

limit C shell command, 448

Lindner, F., 1437

link, 27, 257, 339–342

creating, 344–346

diagram, 343

removing, 346–348

link count (file), 281, 341

link editing, 840

link(), 286, 344–346, 426, 1145

prototype, 344

linkat(), 365, 426

linker, 833, 1441

linking, 840

Linux

distributions, 10

hardware ports, 10

history, 5–10, 1443

kernel, 6–7

mailing list, 1423

version numbering, 8–9

programming-related newsgroups, 1423

standards conformance, 18

Linux Documentation Project, 1422

Linux Foundation, 18

Linux Standard Base (LSB), 19

Linux Threads, 457, 592, 603, 604, 609, 687, 688, 689–692, 695

Pthreads nonconformances, 690

Linux/x86-32, 5

Lions (1996), 24, 1441

Lions, J., 1441

list_files.c, 356, 373

list_files_readdir_r.c, 1429

LISTEN state (TCP), 1269

listen(), 426, 1152, 1156–1157

diagram, 1156

example of use, 1168, 1222, 1229

prototype, 1156

listxattr(), 316, 345

example of use, 318

prototype, 316

little-endian byte order, 1198

diagram, 1198

Liu, C., 1437

LKML (Linux kernel mailing list), 1423

llistxattr(), 316, 345

prototype, 316

ln command, 341

LNEXT terminal special character, 1296, 1298, 1305, 1307

locale, 200–204, 615

specifying to a program, 203–204

locale command, 203

localeconv(), 202, 657

local host, 1187

locality of reference, 118

localization, 200

localtime(), 189, 198, 657

diagram, 188

example of use, 192, 195, 199

prototype, 189

localtime_r(), 189, 658

lock (file). See file lock

LOCK_EX constant, 1120

example of use, 1121

LOCK_NB constant, 1119, 1120

example of use, 1121

LOCK_SH constant, 1120

example of use, 1121

LOCK_UN constant, 1120

lockf(), 673, 1127

interrupted by signal handler, 444

lockRegion(), 1133

code of implementation, 1134

lockRegionWait(), 1133

code of implementation, 1134

LOG_ALERT constant, 779

LOG_AUTH constant, 778, 779

LOG_AUTHPRIV constant, 778, 779

LOG_CONS constant, 777

LOG_CRIT constant, 779

LOG_CRON constant, 779

LOG_DAEMON constant, 779

LOG_DEBUG constant, 779

LOG_EMERG constant, 779

LOG_ERR constant, 779

LOG_FTP constant, 778, 779

LOG_INFO constant, 779

LOG_KERN constant, 779

LOG_LOCAL* constants, 779

LOG_LPR constant, 779

LOG_MAIL constant, 779

LOG_MASK(), 781

LOG_NDELAY constant, 778

LOG_NEWS constant, 779

LOG_NOTICE constant, 779

LOG_NOWAIT constant, 778

LOG_ODELAY constant, 778

LOG_PERROR constant, 778

LOG_PID constant, 778

LOG_SYSLOG constant, 778, 779

LOG_UPTO(), 781

LOG_USER constant, 779

LOG_UUCP constant, 779

LOG_WARNING constant, 779

logger command, 780

logical block, 255

login accounting, 817–832

login name, 26, 153, 154

retrieving with get login(), 825

login session, 700, 825

login shell, 24, 26, 154

login(), 827

LOGIN_NAME_MAX constant, 214

LOGIN_PROCESS constant, 820, 821, 822

LOG NAME environment variable, 825

logout(), 827

logrotate program, 772

logwtmp(), 827

Lokier, J., xl

London, T., 4

longjmp(), 131–133, 135, 151, 360, 1426

example of use, 134, 136, 432

handling of signal mask, 429

incorrect use of, 135

prototype, 132

longjmp.c, 134

lookup_dcookie(), 801

loop back address (IP), 1187

Love (2010), 46, 210, 250, 278, 530, 751, 1422, 1441

Love, R., xli, 1441

lrand48(), 657

lremovexattr(), 286, 316, 345

prototype, 316

lsattr command, 305

LSB (Linux Standard Base), 19

lseek(), 30, 81–83, 96, 257, 426

diagram, 82

example of use, 85, 519

prototype, 81

lseek64(), 105

lsetxattr(), 286, 314–315, 345

prototype, 314

lsof command, 342

lstat(), 279–283, 345, 426

example of use, 285, 370

prototype, 279

ltrace command, 1403

Lu (1995), 857, 1441

Lu, H.J., xli, 1441

lutimes(), 286, 288–289, 345

prototype, 289

lvalue, 53

M

Mach, 6

MADV_DOFORK constant, 1055

MADV_DONTFORK constant, 612, 1055

MADV_DONTNEED constant, 1055

MADV_HWPOISON constant, 1055

MADV_MERGEABLE constant, 1055

MADV_NORMAL constant, 1054

MADV_RANDOM constant, 1054

MADV_REMOVE constant, 1055

MADV_SEQUENTIAL constant, 1055

MADV_SOFT_OFFLINE constant, 1055

MADV_UNMERGEABLE constant, 1055

MADV_WILLNEED constant, 764, 1055

madvise(), 1054–1055

prototype, 1054

RLIMIT_RSS resource limit and, 764

madvise_dontneed.c, 1434

magic SysRq key, 1300

Mahdavi, J., 1194

main thread, 622

major(), 281

example of use, 284

make program, 1442

make_zombie.c, 554, 562

makecontext(), 442

mallinfo(), 147

malloc debugging library, 147

malloc(), 140–142, 423, 1035

debugging, 146–147

example of use, 143

implementation, 144–146

diagram, 145

prototype, 141

MALLOC_CHECK_ environment variable, 146

MALLOC_TRACE environment variable, 146

mallopt(), 147, 1035

mandatory file lock, 265, 293, 1119, 1138

Mane-Wheoki, J., xlii

Mann (2003), 1250, 1442

Mann, S., 1442

manual pages, 1419–1421

MAP_ANON constant, 1034

MAP_ANONYMOUS constant, 1033, 1034

example of use, 1036

MAP_FAILED constant, 1020, 1037

MAP_FIX ED constant, 1033, 1040–1041, 1049

MAP_HUGETLB constant, 800, 1033

MAP_LOCK ED constant, 1033, 1048

MAP_NORESERVE constant, 612, 999, 1033, 1038–1040

MAP_POPULATE constant, 1033

MAP_PRIVATE constant, 1009, 1018, 1021, 1033

example of use, 1023

MAP_SHARED constant, 1009, 1021, 1031, 1033, 1139

example of use, 1029, 1036

MAP_UNINITIALIZED constant, 1033, 1034

mapped file. See file mapping Margolin, B., xl

Marshall, P., xli, xlii

marshalling, 1200

Mason, C., xli

Mathis, M., 1194

Matloff (2008), 393, 1442

Matloff, N., 1442

Matz, M., xli

max(), code of implementation, 51

MAX_CANON constant, 1291

MAX_INPUT constant, 1291

maximum segment lifetime (MSL), TCP, 1274

Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), 1182, 1185

Maxwell (1999), 24, 46, 419, 936, 994, 1442

Maxwell, S., 1442

mbind(), 801

McCann, J., 1194

McGrath, R., 47

McGraw, G., 1445

mcheck(), 146

McKusick (1984), 276, 1442

McKusick (1996), 8, 20, 1044

McKusick (1999), 20, 1442

McKusick (2005), 20, 1442

McKusick, M.K., 1442

MCL_CURRENT constant, 1051

MCL_FUTURE constant, 761, 1051

Mecklenburg (2005), 431, 1442

Mecklenburg, R., 1442

mem_segments.c, 117

memalign(), 149–150

example of use, 248

prototype, 149

mem lock.c, 1052

memory footprint, 121

controlling with fork() plus wait(), 521

memory leak, 146

memory locking, 612, 800, 1012, 1033, 1047–1051

locks removed on process termination, 533

resource limit on, 761

memory management, 22

memory mapping, 35, 225, 612, 1017–1044. See also mmap()

anonymous. See anonymous mapping

creating, 1020–1023

file-based. See file mapping

nonlinear, 1041–1043

private, 35, 1018, 1021

remapping, 1037–1038

removed on process termination, 533

shared, 35, 1018, 1021

synchronizing, 1031–1032

unmapping, 1023–1024

memory protection, 1020

changing, 1045–1047

interaction with file access mode, 1030–1031

memory residence, 1051–1054

memory usage (advising patterns of), 1054–1055

memory-based semaphore. See POSIX semaphore, unnamed

memory-mapped file. See file mapping

memory-mapped I/O, 1019, 1026–1027

message queue descriptor. See POSIX message queue, descriptor

message queue. See POSIX message queue; System V message queue

metadata, 239

migrate_pages(), 801

Miller, R., 4

Mills (1992), 205, 1442

Mills, D.L., 1442

MIN terminal setting, 1307

min(), code of implementation, 51

min core(), 1051–1052

example of use, 1053

prototype, 1051

mingetty command, 820

Minix, 6, 1422

minor(), 281

example of use, 284

MINSIGSTKSZ constant, 435

Mitchell, E.L., 1442

mkdir(), 286, 350–351, 426

example of use, 302

prototype, 350

mkdirat(), 365, 426

mkdtemp(), 15, 351

mkfifo(), 286, 426, 907

example of use, 913

prototype, 907

mkfifoat(), 365, 426

mkfs command, 254

mknod command, 252

mknod(), 252, 286, 426, 800, 907

mknodat(), 365, 426

mkstemp(), 108–109, 791

example of use, 518

prototype, 108

mkswap command, 254

mktemp(), 109

mktime(), 190, 198

diagram, 188

example of use, 192

prototype, 190

mlock(), 800, 1048, 1049–1050

example of use, 1053

prototype, 1049

RLIMIT_MEMLOCK resource limit and, 761

mlockall(), 761, 800, 1048, 1050–1051

prototype, 1050

RLIMIT_MEMLOCK resource limit and, 761

mmap(), 286, 761, 1020–1023, 1058, 1139. See also memory mapping

compared with other shared memory APIs, 1115–1116

diagram, 1025, 1029, 1030

example of use, 1023, 1029, 1036, 1111, 1112, 1113

prototype, 1020

RLIMIT_AS resource limit and, 760

RLIMIT_MEMLOCK resource limit and, 761

MMAP_THRESHOLD constant, 1035

mmap64(), 105

mmcat.c, 1022

mmcopy.c, 1434

MNT_DETACH constant, 270, 272

MNT_EXPIRE constant, 270

MNT_FORCE constant, 270

Mochel (2005), 253, 1442

Mochel, P., 1442

mode_t data type, 64, 72, 78, 280, 301, 303, 350, 365, 907, 1064, 1090, 1109, 1146

modify_env.c, 131

Mogul, J.C., 1193, 1440

Molnar, I., 689

Mosberger (2002), 10, 1442

Mosberger, D., 1442

mount command, 169, 263, 267

mount name space, 225, 261, 263, 607

mount point, 225, 261, 263, 264

diagram, 262

mount(), 246–267, 607, 801

example of use, 269

prototype, 264

move_pages(), 801

MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL constant, 801

mprobe(), 146

mprotect(), 1022, 1045–1046

example of use, 1047

prototype, 1046

mq_attr structure, 1064, 1068, 1070, 1072

definition, 1068

example of use, 1069, 1071

mq_close(), 1058, 1064, 1066

prototype, 1066

mq_getattr(), 1058, 1064, 1070–1071

example of use, 1071

prototype, 1070

mq_notify(), 1058, 1064, 1078–1079

example of use, 1081, 1083

prototype, 1078

mq_notify_sig.c, 1080

mq_notify_sigwaitinfo.c, 1434

mq_notify_thread.c, 1082

mq_open(), 1058, 1064–1065

example of use, 1070

prototype, 1064

RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE resource limit and, 762

MQ_OPEN_MAX constant, 1085

MQ_PRIO_MAX constant, 1073, 1085

mq_receive(), 673, 1058, 1064, 1074–1075

example of use, 1077

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 1075

mq_send(), 673, 1058, 1064, 1073

example of use, 1074

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 1073

mq_setattr(), 1058, 1064, 1072

prototype, 1072

example of use, 1072

mq_timedreceive(), 673, 1077

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 1077

mq_timedsend(), 673, 1077

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 1077

mq_unlink(), 1058, 1064, 1066

example of use, 1067

prototype, 1066

mqd_t data type, 64, 882, 1058, 1059, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1070, 1072, 1073, 1075, 1077, 1078, 1083

mrand48(), 657

mremap(), 761, 1037–1038

prototype, 1037

RLIMIT_AS resource limit and, 760

MREMAP_FIX ED constant, 1037

MREMAP_MAYMOVE constant, 1037

MS_ASYNC constant, 1032

MS_BIND constant, 264, 265, 266, 272

MS_DIRSYNC constant, 264, 265, 306

MS_INVALIDATE constant, 1032

MS_MANDLOCK constant, 264, 265, 1138

MS_MOVE constant, 264, 265

MS_NOATIME constant, 77, 264, 265, 272

MS_NODEV constant, 264, 266, 272

MS_NODIRATIME constant, 264, 266, 272

MS_NOEXEC constant, 264, 266, 272, 564

MS_NOSUID constant, 264, 266, 272

MS_PRIVATE constant, 267

MS_RDONLY constant, 264, 266, 272

MS_REC constant, 264, 266, 273

MS_RELATIME constant, 264, 266, 272

MS_REMOUNT constant, 264, 266

MS_SHARED constant, 267

MS_SLAVE constant, 267

MS_STRICTATIME constant, 264, 267

MS_SYNC constant, 1032

example of use, 1029

MS_SYNCHRONOUS constant, 264, 267

MS_UNBINDABLE constant, 267

MSG_DONTWAIT constant, 1259, 1260

MSG_EXCEPT constant, 944

example of use, 946

MSG_INFO constant, 952

example of use, 953

MSG_MORE constant, 1260, 1263

MSG_NOERROR constant, 943, 944

example of use, 946

MSG_NOSIGNAL constant, 1260

MSG_OOB constant, 1259, 1260

MSG_PEEK constant, 1259

MSG_R constant, 923

MSG_STAT constant, 952

example of use, 953

MSG_TRUNC constant, 1161

MSG_W constant, 923

MSG_WAITALL constant, 1259

msgctl(), 922, 947

example of use, 948, 950, 953, 959, 961

prototype, 947

msg get(), 922, 938, 950

example of use, 940, 958, 960

prototype, 938

msg info structure, 951, 952

example of use, 953

msglen_t data type, 64, 948

MSG MAX limit, 950, 951

MSGMNB limit, 949, 950, 951

MSGMNI limit, 950, 951

MSGPOOL limit, 950

msgqnum_t data type, 65, 948

msgrcv(), 673, 922, 943–944, 947, 948, 949

example of use, 946, 959, 961

interrupted by signal handler, 444

interrupted by stop signal, 445

prototype, 943

msgsnd(), 673, 922, 940–941, 947, 948, 949, 950

example of use, 942, 958, 960

interrupted by signal handler, 444

interrupted by stop signal, 445

prototype, 941

MSGTQL limit, 950

MSL (maximum segment lifetime), TCP, 1274

msqid_ds structure, 922, 947, 948–949, 950

definition, 948

example of use, 949

msync(), 286, 673, 1022, 1024, 1031–1032

example of use, 1029

prototype, 1031

mtrace(), 146

MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit), 1182, 1185

Mui, L., 1444

multi_descriptors.c, 1426

multi_SIGCHLD.c, 557

multi_wait.c, 543

MULTICS, 2

multihomed host, 1180, 1187, 1220

multiplexed I/O, 1327, 1330–1346

munlock(), 1049–1050

prototype, 1049

munlockall(), 1050–1051

prototype, 1050

munmap(), 1022, 1023–1024, 1058

example of use, 1036

prototype, 1023

muntrace(), 146

mutex, 614, 631–642, 881

attributes, 640

deadlock, 639

diagram, 639

destroying, 640

initializing, 639–640

locking, 636, 637–638

performance, 638

statically allocated, 635

type, 640–642

unlocking, 636

used with a condition variable, 646

mutual exclusion, 634

N

N_TTY constant, 1292, 1294

NAME_MAX constant, 214, 215

named daemon, 1210

named semaphore. See POSIX semaphore, named

nanosleep(), 488–489, 673

example of use, 490

interrupted by signal handler, 444

interrupted by stop signal, 445

prototype, 488

Native POSIX Thread Library (NPTL). See NPTL

NCCS constant, 1292

necho.c, 123

Net BSD, 7

net stat command, 1182, 1275–1276

network byte order, 1198–1199

Network File System (NFS), Linux implementation, 254

network ID, 1186

network layer, 1184–1186

diagram, 1181

network mask, 1186

Network Time Protocol (NTP), 204, 205, 1442

networking protocol, 1180

Neville-Neil, G.V., 1442

new_intr.c, 1301

NEW_TIME constant, 820, 822

newgrp command, 155, 156

newline character, 30, 1298

Next Generation POSIX Threads (NGPT), 689

NeXTStep, 5

nfds_t data type, 65, 1337

NFS (Network File System), Linux implementation, 254

nftw(), 358–360, 657

example of use, 361

prototype, 358

nftw_dir_tree.c, 360

NGPT (Next Generation POSIX Threads), 689

NGROUPS_MAX constant, 179, 214

NI_DGRAM constant, 1218

NI_MAX HOST constant, 1218

NI_MAX SERV constant, 1218

NI_NAMEREQD constant, 1219

NI_NOFQDN constant, 1219

NI_NUMERICHOST constant, 1219

NI_NUMERIC SERV constant, 1219

nice command, 735

nice value, 614, 733–737, 801

diagram, 734

Linux Threads nonconformance, 691

NPTL nonconformance, 693

resource limit, 762

nice(), 735, 801

RLIMIT_NICE resource limit and, 762

NL terminal special character, 1296, 1298, 1302, 1303, 1307

nl_langinfo(), 657

NL0 constant, 1302

NL1 constant, 1302

NLDLY constant, 1302

nlink_t data type, 65, 280

nm command, 844

no_echo.c, 1306

NOFLSH constant, 1303, 1305, 1307

nohup command, 710

nonblocking I/O, 77, 103–104, 915–917, 1326, 1330

noncanonical mode (terminal I/O), 1290, 1307–1309

nonlocal goto, 131–137

nonprivileged (unprivileged) process, 33

nonreentrant function, 116, 423

nonreentrant.c, 424

Nordmark, E., 1194

NPTL (Native POSIX Threads Library), 457, 592, 600, 603, 606, 607, 609, 668, 682, 687, 688, 689, 692–694, 696, 987

Pthreads nonconformances, 693

NSIG constant, 408

ntohl(), 1199

prototype, 1199

ntohs(), 1199

prototype, 1199

NTP (Network Time Protocol), 204, 205, 1442

NULL pointer, casting inside variadic function call, 1413–1415

null signal, 403, 458

numbers-and-dots notation (IPv4 address), 1231

NX (no execute) protection (x86-32), 793, 1022

O

O_ACCMODE constant, 93

O_APPEND constant, 74, 75, 92, 93, 96, 110, 306

example of use, 519

O_ASYNC constant, 74, 75, 93, 1281, 1347. See also signal-driven I/O

example of use, 1349

O_CLOEXEC constant, 74, 75, 98, 894

O_CREAT constant, 74, 76, 90, 107, 1059, 1065, 1109, 1145, 1146

example of use, 71, 84

O_DIRECT constant, 74, 76, 93, 246

example of use, 248

O_DIRECTORY constant, 74, 76

O_DSYNC constant, 74, 76, 243

O_EXCL constant, 74, 76, 90, 109, 791, 1059, 1065, 1109, 1145

O_FSYNC constant, 242

O_LARGEFILE constant, 74, 76, 93, 105

O_NDELAY constant, 104

O_NOATIME constant, 74, 76, 93, 265, 800

O_NOCTTY constant, 74, 77, 706, 707, 768, 1380

O_NOFOLLOW constant, 74, 77

O_NONBLOCK constant, 74, 77, 93, 96, 103–104, 377, 472, 508, 894, 915–918, 1065, 1068, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1075, 1139, 1153, 1158, 1175, 1254, 1260, 1281, 1308, 1326, 1330, 1347. See also nonblocking I/O

example of use, 917, 1349, 1372

O_RDONLY constant, 73, 74, 1060, 1065, 1109

example of use, 71

O_RDWR constant, 73, 74, 1060, 1065, 1109, 1380

example of use, 84

O_RSYNC constant, 243

O_SYNC constant, 74, 77, 93, 241, 250, 267

performance impact, 242

O_TRUNC constant, 74, 77, 1109, 1139, 1146

example of use, 71

O_WRONLY constant, 73, 74, 1060, 1065

example of use, 71

objdump command, 844

object library, 834

OCRNL constant, 1296, 1302

OFDEL constant, 1302, 1303

off_t data type, 65, 66, 81, 82, 98, 102, 103, 104, 106, 244, 280, 757, 759, 1020, 1125, 1261

casting in printf() calls, 107

off64_t data type, 105

offsetof(), 357

OFILL constant, 1302, 1303

OLCUC constant, 1302, 1303

OLD_TIME constant, 820, 822

on_exit(), 532, 535–536, 866

example of use, 537

prototype, 535

one_time _init.c, 1431

ONLCR constant, 1296, 1298, 1302

ONLRET constant, 1296, 1302

ONOCR constant, 1296, 1302

OOM killer, 1039

opaque (data type), 621

open file description, 94

diagram, 95

open file status flags, 75, 93–94, 95, 96, 518, 613

open file table, 94

Open Group, The, 13

Open Software Foundation (OSF), 13

Open Source Development Laboratory (OSDL), 18

open(), 70, 72–78, 96, 286, 345, 426, 673, 801, 1139, 1142, 1145, 1146

directories and, 76

example of use, 71, 73, 84, 302

FIFOs and, 916

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 72

returns lowest available file descriptor, 73

RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit and, 762

symbolic links and, 77

OPEN_MAX constant, 214, 215

open64(), 105

openat(), 15, 365–366, 426, 674

prototype, 365

Open BSD, 7

open dir(), 345, 352, 355

example of use, 356

prototype, 352

open log(), 777–779

example of use, 780

prototype, 777

openpty(), 1386

operating system, 21, 1438, 1444

oplock (opportunistic lock), 1142

OPOST constant, 1296, 1298, 1302, 1305

example of use, 1311

opportunistic lock, 1142

optarg variable, 1406

opterr variable, 1406

optind variable, 1406

optopt variable, 1406

O’Reilly, T., 1444

ORIGIN (in rpath list), 853

Orlov block-allocation strategy, 307, 1438

orphan.c, 1430

orphaned process, 553

orphaned process group, 533, 725–730

diagram, 726

terminal read() and, 730

terminal write() and, 730

orphaned_pgrp_SIGHUP.c, 728

OSDL (Open Source Development Laboratory), 18

OSF (Open Software Foundation), 13

OSF/1, 4

ouch.c, 399

out-of-band data, 394, 1259, 1260, 1283, 1288, 1331, 1343

P

P_ALL constant, 550

P_PGID constant, 550

P_PID constant, 550

packet mode (pseudoterminal), 1342, 1389

Padhye, J., 1194

page (virtual memory), 119

page fault, 119

page frame, 119

diagram, 120

page size

determining at run time, 214

on various hardware architectures, 119

page table, 224, 879

diagram, 120, 521, 1026

paged memory management unit (PMMU), 120

Pai, R., 1445

PARENB constant, 1303, 1305

parent directory, 27

parent process, 31, 513, 515, 553

signal ed on death of child, 555

parent process ID, 32, 114–115, 608, 613

Pariag, D., 1439

parity (terminal I/O), 1305

PARMRK constant, 1302, 1305

example of use, 1311

PARODD constant, 1303, 1305

partial write, 80, 891, 1254

Partridge, C., 1194, 1444

PASC (Portable Applications Standards Committee), 11

passive close (TCP), 1272

passive open (socket), 1155

passive socket, 1156

passwd command, 169

passwd structure, 157

definition, 157

example of use, 159

password encryption, 162–166

password file, 153–155

retrieving records from, 157–158, 160

PATH environment variable, 34, 567, 568–570, 791

path MTU, 1185

PATH_MAX constant, 214, 215, 350

path conf(), 217–218, 345, 425, 426

prototype, 217

pathname, 28

absolute, 29, 367

maximum length of, 214

parsing, 370–372

relative, 29, 363

resolving, 369–370

pause(), 418, 426, 673

example of use, 401

prototype, 418

Paxson, V., 1194

pclose(), 902–903, 919

example of use, 905

prototype, 902

pdflush kernel thread, 241, 768, 1032

PDP-11, 2, 3, 391

Peach, J., xli

Peek (2001), xxxiv, 1442

Peek, J., 1442

Peikari (2004), 795, 1442

Peikari, C., 1442

PENDIN constant, 1303

perror(), 49–50

prototype, 49

persistence, 886

personality(), 1334

PGID (process group ID), 39, 613, 699, 705

Phillips, M., xli

physical block, 253

PID (process ID), 32, 114, 604, 608, 613, 705

pid_t data type, 65, 114, 115, 402, 405, 438, 458, 493, 496, 516, 523, 542, 544, 552, 599, 605, 699, 700, 701, 702, 704, 705, 708, 741, 742, 744, 747, 749, 750, 819, 948, 1012, 1125, 1354, 1385

Piggin, N., xli

pipe, 3, 214, 282, 392, 882, 883, 886, 889–906

atomicity of write(), 891

bidirectional, 890

capacity, 891

closing unused file descriptors, 894

connecting filters with, 899–902

creating, 892

diagram, 879, 890

poll() on, 1342

read() semantics, 917–918

select() on, 1342

to a shell command, 902–906

stdio buffering and, 906

used for process synchronization, 897–899

write() semantics, 918

pipe(), 286, 426, 801, 892, 1175

diagram, 892

example of use, 896, 898, 900

prototype, 892

RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit and, 762

PIPE_BUF constant, 214, 891, 918, 1343, 1351

pipe_ls_wc.c, 900

pipe_sync.c, 897

pipe2(), 894

pivot_root(), 345, 801

Plauger (1992), 30, 1442

Plauger, P.J., 1442

Pluzhnikov, P., xli

PMMU (paged memory management unit), 120

pmsg_create.c, 1069

pmsg_getattr.c, 1071

pmsg_receive.c, 1076

pmsg_send.c, 1074

pmsg_unlink.c, 1066

Podolsky, M., 1194

poll, 1326

poll(), 426, 673, 1337–1339, 1389, 1439

comparison with select(), 1344–1345

example of use, 1341

interrupted by signal handler, 444

interrupted by stop signal, 445

performance, 1365

problems with, 1346

prototype, 1337

POLL_ERR constant, 441, 1353

POLL_HUP constant, 441, 1343, 1353

POLL_IN constant, 440, 441, 1353

POLL_MSG constant, 440, 441, 1353

POLL_OUT constant, 440, 441, 1353

poll_pipes.c, 1340

POLL_PRI constant, 441, 1353

Pollard, J., xlii

POLLERR constant, 1337, 1338, 1342, 1343, 1353

pollfd structure, 1337–1338

definition, 1337

POLLHUP constant, 1337, 1338, 1342, 1343, 1353

POLLIN constant, 1337, 1338, 1342, 1343, 1353

POLL MSG constant, 1337, 1338, 1353

POLLNVAL constant, 1337, 1338, 1339

Pollock, W., xliii

POLLOUT constant, 1337, 1338, 1342, 1343, 1353

POLLPRI constant, 1337, 1338, 1343, 1353, 1389

POLLRDBAND constant, 1337, 1338

POLLRDHUP constant, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1343

POLLRDNORM constant, 1337, 1338, 1353

POLLWRBAND constant, 1337, 1338, 1353

POLLWRNORM constant, 1337, 1338, 1353

popen(), 902–903, 919

avoid in privileged programs, 788

diagram, 902

example of use, 905

prototype, 902

popen_glob.c, 904

port number, 64, 1188–1189

ephemeral, 1189, 1224, 1263

privileged, 800, 1189

register ed, 1189

well-known, 1189

portability, xxxvi, 10, 61–68, 211, 1420

source code vs. binary, 19

Portable Application Standards Committee (PASC), 11

portable filename character set, 28

Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), 11

position-independent code, 837, 838

POSIX, 11

POSIX 1003.1-2001, 13

POSIX asynchronous I/O, 613, 1327, 1347

POSIX clock, 491–493

obtaining clock ID for process or thread, 493

retrieving value of, 491–492

setting value of, 492

POSIX conformance, 14

POSIX file locking, 1124

POSIX IPC, 885, 1057–1062

compared with System V IPC, 1061–1062

object

creating, 1059–1060

deleting, 1060–1061

listing, 1061

name, 1058–1059

permissions, 1060

persistence, 1060–1061

portability, 884, 1061

POSIX message queue, 614, 882, 883, 886, 1063–1088

attributes, 1068–1072

modifying, 1072

retrieving, 1070–1071

closed on process termination, 533

closing, 1066

compared with System V message queue, 1086–1087

creating, 1064–1065

descriptor, 64, 1065

relationship to open message queue, 1067–1068

limits, 1085–1086

Linux-specific features, 1083–1085

message notification, 1077–1083

via a signal, 1079–1081

via a thread, 1082–1083

opening, 1064

priority of messages, 1073

receiving messages, 1074–1077

with timeout, 1077

resource limit on bytes allocated for queues, 761

sending messages, 1073–1074

with timeout, 1077

unlinking, 1066–1067

POSIX semaphore, 1089–1105

closed on process termination, 533

compared with System V semaphore, 1103–1104

limits, 1104–1105

named, 614, 882, 886, 1089, 1090–1093

closing, 1093

initializing, 1091

opening, 1090–1091

unlinking, 1093

post (increment) operation, 1096–1097

process-shared, 1100

retrieving current value, 1097

thread-shared, 1100

unnamed, 614, 882, 886, 1089, 1099–1103

destroying, 1102

initializing, 1100–1101

wait (decrement) operation, 1094–1096

POSIX shared memory, 275, 614, 882, 886, 1107–1116

compared with other shared memory APIs, 1115–1116

creating, 1108, 1109–1111

removing, 1114

POSIX thread, 614, 617–697, 1438. See also thread

POSIX timer, 495–507, 614

arming, 498–499

creating, 495–497

deleting, 499

disarming, 498–499

notification via a signal, 499–503

notification via a thread, 504–507

retrieving current value, 499

timer overrun, 502, 503–504, 505

POSIX.1, 11, 17, 1442

POSIX.1-2001, 13, 17

POSIX.1-2008, 17

POSIX.1b, 12, 17, 41, 61, 456, 491, 495, 738, 1057

POSIX.1c, 12, 17, 61, 620

POSIX.1d, 12, 17, 1077, 1096

POSIX.1e, 319, 337, 798, 1369

POSIX.1g, 12, 16, 17, 1149

POSIX.1j, 12, 17

POSIX.2, 12, 17

POSIX.2c, 319, 337

POSIX.4, 12, 1439

POSIX_ARG_MAX constant, 124

POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED constant, 245, 1032

POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE constant, 245

POSIX_FADV_NORMAL constant, 245

POSIX_FADV_RANDOM constant, 245

POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL constant, 245

POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED constant, 245, 1055

posix_fadvise(), 244–246, 1032

prototype, 244

posix_fallocate(), 83

POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED constant, 1055

POSIX_MADV_NORMAL constant, 1055

POSIX_MADV_RANDOM constant, 1055

POSIX_MADV_SEQUENTIAL constant, 1055

POSIX_MADV_WILLNEED constant, 1055

posix_madvise(), 1055

posix_memalign(), 149–150

example of use, 150

prototype, 149

posix_openpt(), 1380–1381

example of use, 1384

prototype, 1380

posix_spawn(), 514

posix_trace_event(), 426

POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable, 1410

Postel, J., 1193, 1194

Potthoff, K.J., xli

PPID (parent process ID), 32, 114–115, 608, 613

ppoll(), 1370

interrupted by signal handler, 444

PR_CAPBSET_DROP constant, 806

PR_CAPBSET_READ constant, 806

PR_GET_SECUREBITS constant, 812

PR_SET_DUMPABLE constant, 449, 615

PR_SET_KEEPCAPS constant, 813, 816

PR_SET_NAME constant, 615

PR_SET_PDEATHSIG constant, 553, 615

prctl(), 449, 553, 806, 813

pread(), 98–99, 286, 673

prototype, 98

preadv(), 102, 286

prototype, 102

prefork ed server, 1246

prethread ed server, 1246

print_rlimit.c, 758

print_rusage.c, 1432

print_wait_status.c, 546

print env command, 126

printf()

buffering. See buffering of file I/O

use within signal handlers, 427–428

printk() (kernel function), 776

print PendingSigs(), 408

code of implementation, 409

printSigMask(), 408

code of implementation, 409

printSigset(), 408

code of implementation, 409

print Wait Status(), 546

code of implementation, 546–547

PRIO_PGRP constant, 735

PRIO_PROCESS constant, 735

PRIO_USER constant, 735

private, copy-on-write mapping, 1018

privileged process, 33, 168

privileged program, 783. See also process capabilities

process, 22, 31, 113

accounting. See process accounting

capabilities. See process capabilities

checking for existence of, 403–404

controlling memory footprint with fork() plus wait(), 521

CPU affinity, 615, 748–750

creating, 31, 515–525

credentials, 167–184

passing via socket, 1284–1285

current working directory, 29, 225, 363–365, 604, 613

exit status, 32, 545

ID, 32, 114, 604, 608, 613, 705

memory layout, 31, 115–118

diagram, 119, 1007

memory policy, 615

mount name space, 225, 261, 263, 607

nice value (priority). See nice value

priority. See realtime scheduling, priority

privileged, 33, 168

realtime scheduling. See realtime scheduling

resource limit. See resource limit

resource limit on number of, 763

resource usage, 552, 614, 753–755

root directory, 225, 367–368, 604, 613

setting as owner of a file descriptor, 1347, 1350–1351

signal mask, 38, 388, 410, 578, 613, 683

speed of creation, 610–612

system-wide limit on number of, 763

termination, 32, 531–533

abnormal, 389, 433, 441, 531

normal, 531

from signal handler, 549–550

termination status, 32, 513, 531, 545

umask, 301–303, 328, 351, 604, 613, 790, 907, 923, 1060, 1065, 1091, 1110, 1174

unprivileged, 33

process accounting, 591–598, 801

Version 3, 597–598

process capabilities, 33, 615, 798–799

changing, 807–808

effect on, when changing process user IDs, 806–807

effective, 799, 802, 807

inheritable, 799, 803, 807

permitted, 798, 802, 807

transformation during exec(), 805

process group, 39, 699, 701–704

background. See background process group

changing capabilities of all processes in, 815

changing membership of, 702

creating, 702

diagram, 701

foreground. See foreground process group

leader, 39, 699, 702, 705

lifetime, 699

orphaned. See orphaned process group

sending signal to, 402, 405

setting as owner of a file descriptor, 1347, 1350–1351

waiting on member of, 544, 550

process group ID, 39, 613, 699, 705

process ID, 32, 114, 604, 608, 613, 705

process scheduling, 22. See also realtime scheduling

process time, 40, 185, 206–209, 614

resource limit on, 761

process_time.c, 208

procfs_pidmax.c, 228

procfs_user_exe.c, 1428

prod_condvar.c, 645

prod_no_condvar.c, 642

program, 30, 113

executing, 32, 563–571

program break, 116, 139–140

adjusting, 139–140

program counter, 133

program termination routine (exit handler), 532, 533–537, 615

program_invocation_name variable, 124

program_invocation_short_name variable, 124

PROT_EXEC constant, 1020, 1021, 1030

PROT_NONE constant, 1020, 1021

PROT_READ constant, 1020, 1021, 1030

example of use, 1023, 1029

PROT_WRITE constant, 1020, 1021, 1030

example of use, 1029

protocol stack (TCP/IP), 1181

Provos, N., 1328

pselect(), 426, 673, 1369

example of use, 1370

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 1369

psem_create.c, 1092

psem_getvalue.c, 1098

psem_post.c, 1097

psem_timedwait.c, 1434

psem_unlink.c, 1094

psem_wait.c, 1095

pset_bind(), 748

pseudo header (TCP), 1267

pseudoterminal, 39, 1375–1399

BSD, 1379, 1395–1397

device pair, 1376

diagram, 1377, 1378

I/O, 1388–1389

master, 1376

opening, 1380–1381, 1383–1384

master clone device, 1381

packet mode, 1342, 1389

poll() on, 1342

select() on, 1342

slave, 1376

changing ownership and permissions of, 1381, 1396

obtaining name of, 1382

opening, 1383

unlocking, 1382

terminal attributes, 1394

UNIX 98, 1379, 1380

window size, 1394

PSH control bit (TCP), 1267

pshm_create.c, 1110

pshm_read.c, 1113

pshm_unlink.c, 1114

pshm_write.c, 1112

psiginfo(), 440

psignal(), 15, 406

prototype, 406

pstree command, 115

pt_chown program, 784, 1381, 1396

pthread_atfork(), 687

pthread_attr_destroy(), 628

pthread_attr_init(), 628

pthread_attr_setdetachstate(), 628

pthread_attr_setstack(), 681

pthread_attr_t data type, 497, 620, 622, 623, 628, 1079

pthread_cancel(), 671–672, 680

example of use, 675, 679

prototype, 671

PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS constant, 672, 680

PTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED constant, 672

PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE constant, 672

PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE constant, 672

PTHREAD_CANCEL ED constant, 622, 674

example of use, 675, 679

pthread_cleanup_pop(), 676–677

example of use, 678

prototype, 676

pthread_cleanup_push(), 676–677

example of use, 678

prototype, 676

pthread_cond_broadcast(), 643–644

prototype, 644

pthread_cond_destroy(), 652

prototype, 652

pthread_cond_init(), 651–652

prototype, 651

PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER constant, 643

pthread_cond_signal(), 643–644

example of use, 645, 650

prototype, 644

pthread_cond_t data type, 620, 643, 644, 645, 651, 652

pthread_cond_timedwait(), 644–645, 673

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 645

pthread_cond_wait(), 643–644, 673, 683

example of use, 647, 651

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 644

pthread_condattr_t data type, 620, 651

pthread_create(), 622–623

example of use, 627, 628, 650, 675, 679

prototype, 622

pthread_detach(), 627–628

example of use, 627

prototype, 627

pthread_equal(), 624–625, 1431

prototype, 624

pthread_exit(), 623–624

prototype, 623

pthread_getcpuclock id(), 493, 496

prototype, 493

pthread_getspecific(), 662–663

example of use, 667

prototype, 662

pthread_join(), 606, 607, 625–626, 673, 674, 1431

example of use, 627, 651, 675, 679

prototype, 625

pthread_key_create(), 661–662

example of use, 666

prototype, 661

pthread_key_t data type, 620, 661, 662,

PTHREAD_KEYS_MAX constant, 668

pthread_kill(), 683, 684, 690

prototype, 684

PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT constant, 641

pthread_mutex_destroy(), 640

prototype, 640

PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERROR CHECK constant, 641

pthread_mutex_init(), 639–640

example of use, 642

prototype, 639

PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER constant, 635, 640, 641

pthread_mutex_lock(), 635–636, 683

example of use, 636, 647, 650

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 636

PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL constant, 641

PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE constant, 641

pthread_mutex_t data type, 620, 635, 636, 639, 640, 644, 645

pthread_mutex_timedlock(), 637

interrupted by signal handler, 444

pthread_mutex_trylock(), 637, 639

interrupted by signal handler, 444

pthread_mutex_unlock(), 635–636

example of use, 637, 651

prototype, 636

pthread_mutexattr_destroy(), 642

pthread_mutexattr_init(), 641

pthread_mutexattr_settype(), 642

pthread_mutexattr_t data type, 620, 639, 640

pthread_once(), 658–659

example of use, 667

prototype, 658

PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT constant, 659

pthread_once_t data type, 620, 658

pthread_self(), 624

example of use, 627

prototype, 624

pthread_setcancelstate(), 672, 680

prototype, 672

pthread_setcanceltype(), 672–673, 680

prototype, 672

pthread_setspecific(), 662–663

example of use, 667

prototype, 662

pthread_sigmask(), 683, 684

prototype, 684

pthread_sigqueue(), 683, 685

prototype, 685

pthread_t data type, 493, 605, 620, 622, 623, 624, 625, 627, 671, 684, 685

pthread_test cancel(), 673, 675–676

prototype, 676

Pthreads, 617

ptmr_null_evp.c, 1429

ptmr_sigev_signal.c, 500

ptmr_sigev_thread.c, 506

ptrace(), 394, 545, 608, 801

ptrdiff_t data type, 65

pts name(), 657, 1380, 1382

example of use, 1384

prototype, 1382

pts name_r(), 658, 1383

pty, 1376

pty_fork.c, 1386

pty_master_open.c, 1384

pty_master_open_bsd.c, 1396

ptyFork(), 1385–1386

code of implementation, 1386–1388

example of use, 1392

prototype, 1385

ptyMaster Open(), 1383, 1396

code of implementation, 1384, 1396–1397

example of use, 1387

prototype, 1383

putc_unlock ed(), 657

put char_unlock ed(), 657

putenv(), 128, 130, 657

example of use, 131

prototype, 128

put msg(), 673

putpmsg(), 673

pututxline(), 657, 826

example of use, 829

prototype, 826

pwrite(), 98–99, 286, 673

prototype, 98

pwritev(), 102, 286

prototype, 102

Q

quantum, 733

Quartermann (1993), 20, 1442

Quartermann, J.S., 1442

quit character, 1296, 1298

QUIT terminal special character, 1296, 1298, 1303, 1305

quotactl(), 345, 801

R

R_OK constant, 299

race condition, 90–92, 465, 525–527, 897, 975, 1118, 1368

time-of-check, time-of-use, 790

Rago, S.A., 1421, 1444

raise(), 404, 426, 441, 458

example of use, 720, 724

prototype, 404

Ramakrishnan, K., 1194

Ramey, C., 25

Rampp, F., xli

rand(), 657

rand_r(), 658

Randow, D., xlii

raw I/O, 246–248

raw mode (terminal I/O), 1309–1316

raw socket, 1184

rdwrn.c, 1255

read permission, 29, 282, 294, 297

read(), 70, 79–80, 286, 426, 673, 1138

example of use, 71, 85, 487

FIFO, 918

interrupted by signal handler, 443

pipe, 918

prototype, 79

terminal input

by background job, 394

canonical mode, 1307

noncanonical mode, 1307–1309

by orphaned process group, 730

read_line.c, 1201

read_line_buf.c, 1435

read_line_buf.h, 1435

readahead(), 245, 1055

read dir(), 286, 353–354, 657

example of use, 356

prototype, 353

readdir_r(), 357, 658

prototype, 357

readelf command, 844

read Line(), 1200–1202

code of implementation, 1201

example of use, 1222, 1225

prototype, 1200

read link(), 345, 349–350, 426

example of use, 370

prototype, 350

read linkat(), 365, 426

readn(), 1254

code of implementation, 1255

prototype, 1254

readv(), 99–100, 286, 673

example of use, 101

interrupted by signal handler, 443

prototype, 99

read-write offset. See file offset

ready file descriptor, 1327

real group ID, 32, 167, 172, 173, 175, 177, 613

real time, 40, 185

real user ID, 32, 167, 172, 173, 175, 177

real_timer.c, 482

realloc(), 148–149, 1038

example of use, 149

prototype, 148

real path(), 369

example of use, 370

prototype, 369

realtime, 41

realtime scheduling, 737–747, 801

FIFO policy (SCHED_FIFO), 740

policy, 614, 738

changing, 741–744

priority, 614, 738, 740

changing, 741–744

relinquishing CPU, 747

resource limit for CPU time, 764

resource limit for priority, 764

round-robin policy (SCHED_RR), 739

round-robin time slice, 747

realtime signal, 214, 221, 388, 456–463

handling, 460–463

limit on number queued, 457, 764

sending, 458–460

used by Linux Threads, 690

used by NPTL, 693

reboot(), 801

receiving TCP, 1191

record lock. See file lock

recursive bind mount, 273–274

recursive resolution, DNS, 1211

recv(), 426, 673, 1259–1260

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 1259

recvfrom(), 426, 673, 1160–1161

diagram, 1160

example of use, 1172, 1173, 1208, 1209, 1241

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 1161

recvmmsg(), 1284

recvmsg(), 426, 673, 1284

interrupted by signal handler, 444

reentrancy, 556

reentrant function, 422–425, 622, 657

region_locking.c, 1134

regionIsLock ed(), 1134

code of implementation, 1134–1135

regular file, 27, 282

poll() on, 1342

select() on, 1342

Reiser, J., xli, 4

Reiserfs file system, 260

i-node flag, 304–308

tail packing, 260, 307

relative pathname, 29, 363

releaseSem(), 989–991

code of implementation, 991

example of use, 1004, 1005

reliable signal, 390

relocation (of symbols), 837

remap_file_pages(), 1041–1043

prototype, 1041

remove(), 286, 345, 352

prototype, 352

removexattr(), 286, 316, 345

prototype, 316

rename(), 286, 300, 345, 348–349, 426, 800

prototype, 348

renameat(), 365, 426

renice command, 735

REPRINT terminal special character, 1296, 1298, 1305, 1307

Request for Comments (RFC), 1179, 1193–1194. See also individual RFC entries

reserved blocks (file system), 277, 801

reserved port, 1189

reserveSem(), 989–990

code of implementation, 990

example of use, 1004, 1005

resident set, 119

resource limit on size of, 763

resource limit, 34, 614, 755–764, 801

details of specific limits, 760–764

Linux Threads nonconformance, 691

NPTL nonconformance, 694

unrepresentable, 759–760

resource usage, 552, 614, 753–755

Ressler, S., 1441

retransmission timeout (RTO), 1191

rewinddir(), 354

prototype, 354

RFC (Request For Comments), 1179, 1193–1194

RFC 768, 1194

RFC 791, 1193

RFC 793, 1194, 1270, 1283

RFC 862, 1240

RFC 950, 1193

RFC 993, 1267

RFC 1014, 1200

RFC 1122, 1194, 1274

RFC 1123, 1194

RFC 1305, 1442

RFC 1323, 1194

RFC 1819, 1184

RFC 2018, 1194

RFC 2460, 1194, 1203

RFC 2581, 1194

RFC 2861, 1194

RFC 2883, 1194

RFC 2988, 1194

RFC 3168, 1194, 1267

RFC 3257, 1286

RFC 3286, 1286

RFC 3390, 1194

RFC 3493, 1194, 1203, 1213

RFC 3513, 1194

RFC 3542, 1194

RFC 3697, 1203

RFC 4007, 1203

RFC 4219, 1188

RFC 4291, 1203

RFC 4336, 1286

RFC 4340, 1286

RFC 4960, 1286

RFC Editor, 1193

Richarte, G., 1437

Ritchie (1974), 3, 1443

Ritchie (1984), 20, 1442

Ritchie, D.M., 2, 4, 1440, 1442, 1443

RLIM_INFINITY constant, 736, 756

RLIM_SAVED_CUR constant, 759

RLIM_SAVED_MAX constant, 759

rlim_t data type, 65, 756, 759–760

casting in printf() calls, 757

rlimit structure, 756

definition, 756

example of use, 758

RLIMIT_AS resource limit, 757, 760, 1039

RLIMIT_CORE resource limit, 448, 757, 760, 789

RLIMIT_CPU resource limit, 395, 746, 757, 761

RLIMIT_DATA resource limit, 140, 757, 761

RLIMIT_FSIZE resource limit, 80, 395, 448, 757, 760, 761

RLIMIT_MEMLOCK resource limit, 757, 761, 1012, 1048–1049, 1051

RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE resource limit, 757, 761, 1086

RLIMIT_NICE resource limit, 736, 757, 762

RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit, 78, 217, 757, 762

RLIMIT_NPROC resource limit, 217, 516, 757, 763, 801

example of use, 759

rlimit_nproc.c, 758

RLIMIT_RSS resource limit, 757, 763

RLIMIT_RTPRIO resource limit, 743, 757, 764

RLIMIT_RTTIME resource limit, 746, 757, 764

RLIMIT_SIGPENDING resource limit, 458, 757, 764

RLIMIT_STACK resource limit, 124, 217, 434, 436, 682, 757, 764, 793, 1006

rmdir(), 286, 300, 345, 351, 426, 800

prototype, 351

Robbins (2003), 630, 1327, 1443

Robbins, K.A., 1443

Robbins, S., 1443

Robins, A.V., xli, xlii

Rochkind (1985), xxxvii, 1421, 1443

Rochkind (2004), xxxvii, 837, 1421, 1443

Rochkind, M.J., 1443

Romanow, J., 1194

root directory, 27, 340

of a process, 225, 367–368, 604, 613

root name server, 1211

root user, 26

Rosen (2005), 6, 1443

Rosen, L., 1443

Rothwell, S., xli

round-robin time-sharing, 733

router, 1180

RST control bit (TCP), 1267

rt_tgsigqueue info(), 685

RTLD_DEEPBIND constant, 862

RTLD_DEFAULT constant, 864

RTLD_GLOBAL constant, 861, 862, 864

RTLD_LAZY constant, 861

RTLD_LOCAL constant, 861

RTLD_NEXT constant, 864

RTLD_NODELETE constant, 861

RTLD_NOLOAD constant, 862

RTLD_NOW constant, 861

RTO (retransmission timeout), 1191

RTS/CTS flow control, 1299

RTSIG_MAX constant, 214, 457

Rubini, A., 1438

Rudoff, A.M., 1421, 1444

RUN_LVL constant, 820, 822

run-time linker (dynamic linker), 36, 839

rusage structure, 552, 753, 754–755

definition, 754

rusage.c, 1432

RUSAGE_CHILDREN constant, 560, 754, 755, 765

RUSAGE_SELF constant, 754

RUSAGE_THREAD constant, 754

rusage_wait.c, 1432

Rusling, D., 255

Russell, R., 1439

INDEX The Linux Programming Interface - ! Michael Kerrisk.txt

S

S_IFBLK constant, 282

S_IFCHR constant, 282

S_IFDIR constant, 282

S_IFIFO constant, 282, 907

S_IFLNK constant, 282

S_IFMT constant, 281

S_IFREG constant, 282

S_IFSOCK constant, 282, 1166

S_IRGRP constant, 295

S_IROTH constant, 295

S_IRUSR constant, 295

S_IRWXG constant, 295

S_IRWXO constant, 295

S_IRWXU constant, 295

S_ISBLK(), 282

S_ISCHR(), 282

S_ISDIR(), 282

S_ISFIFO(), 282

S_ISGID constant, 295, 351

S_ISLNK(), 282

S_ISREG(), 282

S_ISSOCK(), 282

S_ISUID constant, 295, 351

S_ISVTX constant, 295, 300, 351

S_IWGRP constant, 295

S_IWOTH constant, 295

S_IWUSR constant, 295

S_IXGRP constant, 295

S_IXOTH constant, 295

S_IXUSR constant, 295

sa command, 591

sa_family_t data type, 65, 1154, 1165, 1202, 1203, 1204

SA_NOCLDSTOP constant, 417

SA_NOCLDWAIT constant, 417, 560

SA_NODEFER constant, 417, 427, 455

example of use, 455

SA_NOMASK constant, 417

SA_ONESHOT constant, 417

SA_ONSTACK constant, 417, 578

example of use, 437

SA_RESETHAND constant, 417, 454

example of use, 455

SA_RESTART constant, 417, 443, 486, 941, 944

example of use, 455, 486

SA_SIGINFO constant, 417, 437–442, 458, 1352, 1353

example of use, 463, 501

Salus (1994), 3, 20, 1443

Salus (2008), 20, 1443

Salus, P.H., 1443

Salzman, P.J., 1442

Santos, J., 1441

Sarolahti (2002), 1236, 1443

Sarolahti, P., 1443

Sastry, N., 1438

saved set-group-ID, 170, 173, 177, 613

saved set-user-ID, 170, 173, 177, 613

saved-text bit. See sticky permission bit

sbrk(), 140, 761

example of use, 142

prototype, 140

RLIMIT_AS resource limit and, 760

RLIMIT_DATA resource limit and, 761

Scalmazzi, C., xlii

scandir(), 354

scatter input, 100

scatter-gather I/O, 99–102

SCHED_BATCH constant, 740, 742

SCHED_FIFO constant, 739, 740, 742, 801

sched_get_priority_max(), 740–741

prototype, 741

sched_get_priority_min(), 740–741

prototype, 741

sched_getaffinity(), 750

prototype, 750

sched_getparam(), 744

example of use, 745

prototype, 744

sched_get scheduler(), 744–745

example of use, 745

prototype, 744

SCHED_IDLE constant, 740, 742

SCHED_OTHER constant, 738, 742

sched_param structure, 741–742, 744

definition, 741

SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK constant, 615, 746, 801

SCHED_RR constant, 739, 742, 801

sched_rr_get_interval(), 747

prototype, 747

sched_set.c, 743

sched_setaffinity(), 749, 801

prototype, 749

sched_setparam(), 742, 801

prototype, 742

RLIMIT_RTPRIO resource limit and, 764

sched_set scheduler(), 741–742, 801

example of use, 743

prototype, 741

RLIMIT_NICE resource limit and, 762

RLIMIT_RTPRIO resource limit and, 764

sched_view.c, 745

sched_yield(), 747

prototype, 747

Schimmel (1994), 748, 1443

Schimmel, C., 1443

Schröder, M., xli

Schüpbach, W.M.M., xlii

Schwaiger, M., xli

Schwartz, A., 1439

scm_cred_recv.c, 1285

scm_cred_send.c, 1285

SCM_CREDENTIALS constant, 800, 801

scm_rights_recv.c, 1284

scm_rights_send.c, 1284

screen command, 1379

script, 572

script program

diagram, 1390

implementation, 1390–1394

script.c, 1392

SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol), 1285, 1444

search permission, 29

SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS constant, 615, 812, 813, 816

SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS_LOCK ED constant, 812

SECBIT_NO_SETUID_FIXUP constant, 812, 813

SECBIT_NO_SETUID_FIXUP_LOCK ED constant, 812

SECBIT_NOROOT constant, 812, 816

SECBIT_NOROOT_LOCK ED constant, 812

secure programming, 783–796, 1437, 1445

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 1190

securebits flags, 615, 801, 812–813

SEEK_CUR constant, 82, 1126

SEEK_END constant, 82, 1126

seek_io.c, 84

SEEK_SET constant, 82, 1126

segment (virtual memory), 115

segmentation fault (error message). See SIGSEGV signal

SEGV_ACCERR constant, 441

SEGV_MAPERR constant, 441

select(), 426, 673, 1331–1334, 1389, 1439

comparison with poll(), 1344–1345

example of use, 1335, 1393

interrupted by signal handler, 444

performance, 1365

problems with, 1346

prototype, 1331

select_mq.c, 1436

self_pipe.c, 1371

self-pipe trick, 1370–1372

SEM_A constant, 923

sem_close(), 1058, 1093

prototype, 1093

sem_destroy(), 1058, 1102–1103

prototype, 1103

SEM_FAILED constant, 1090, 1091

sem_getvalue(), 1058, 1097

example of use, 1098

prototype, 1097

SEM_INFO constant, 952, 993

sem_init(), 1058, 1100–1101

example of use, 1102

prototype, 1100

SEM_NSEMS_MAX constant, 1104

sem_open(), 1058, 1090–1091

example of use, 1093

prototype, 1090

sem_post(), 426, 1058, 1096

example of use, 1097, 1102

prototype, 1096

SEM_R constant, 923

SEM_STAT constant, 952

sem_t data type, 882, 1058, 1059, 1090, 1091, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1103

sem_timedwait(), 673, 1095–1096

interrupted by signal handler, 444

interrupted by stop signal, 445

prototype, 1096

sem_trywait(), 1095

prototype, 1095

SEM_UNDO constant, 986–988

example of use, 983, 990

sem_unlink(), 1058, 1093

example of use, 1094

prototype, 1093

SEM_VALUE_MAX constant, 1105

sem_wait(), 673, 1058, 1094–1095

example of use, 1095, 1101

interrupted by signal handler, 444

interrupted by stop signal, 445

prototype, 1094

semadj value (System V semaphore undo value), 533, 607, 614, 619, 691, 693, 986–988, 991

SEMAEM limit, 991, 992

semaphore, 881. See also POSIX semaphore; System V semaphore

sembuf structure, 978, 979, 980

definition, 979

example of use, 981

semctl(), 922, 969–972

example of use, 974, 975, 977, 990, 1004

prototype, 969

semget(), 922, 969, 991

example of use, 977, 1003, 1005

prototype, 969

semid_ds structure, 922, 970, 971, 972–973, 976

definition, 972

example of use, 973

seminfo structure, 970, 992, 993

SEMMNI limit, 991, 992

SEMMNS limit, 991, 992

SEMMNU limit, 991

SEMMSL limit, 991, 992

semncnt value, 972, 974, 985

semop(), 922, 971, 972, 973, 978–980, 991

example of use, 977, 981, 983, 990

interrupted by signal handler, 444

interrupted by stop signal, 445

prototype, 978

SEMOPM limit, 991, 992

sempid value, 972, 985

semtimedop(), 980

interrupted by signal handler, 444

interrupted by stop signal, 445

prototype, 980

SEMUME limit, 991

semun union, 969, 970

definition, 970

example of use, 973, 974, 976, 977

semun.h, 970

SEMVMX limit, 988, 991, 992

semzcnt value, 972, 974, 985

send(), 426, 673, 1259–1260

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 1259

send file(), 286, 1260–1263

diagram, 1261

prototype, 1261

send file.c, 1435

sending TCP, 1191

send ip command, 1184

sendmmsg(), 1284

send msg(), 426, 673, 1284

interrupted by signal handler, 444

sendto(), 426, 673, 1160–1161

diagram, 1160

example of use, 1172, 1173, 1208, 1209, 1241

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 1161

servent structure, 1234

definition, 1234

server, 40

affinity, 1247

design, 1239–1252

farm, 1247

load balancing, 1247

pool, 1246

service name, 1204, 1212

session, 39, 700, 704–706

diagram, 701

leader, 39, 700, 705

session ID, 39, 613, 700, 705, 819

set_mempolicy(), 615

set_thread_area(), 607, 692

SETALL constant, 971, 972, 973, 987

example of use, 975

setbuf(), 238, 532

prototype, 238

set buffer(), 238

prototype, 238

setcontext(), 442

set domainname(), 229, 801

setegid(), 174–175, 181, 785, 800

prototype, 174

setenv C shell command, 125

setenv(), 128–130, 657, 1426

example of use, 131

prototype, 128

setenv.c, 1426

seteuid(), 174–175, 181, 784, 801

prototype, 174

setfacl command, 326

setfattr command, 312

setfsgid(), 178, 181, 800

example of use, 182

prototype, 178

setfsuid(), 178, 181, 801

example of use, 182

prototype, 178

set-GID bit. See set-group-ID permission bit

set-GID program. See set-group-ID program

setgid(), 173–174, 181, 426, 786, 800

prototype, 173

setgrent(), 161, 657

set-group-ID permission bit, 168, 291, 292, 294, 295, 300, 304, 351, 564, 788, 800, 1138, 1432

propagated from parent directory to new subdirectory, 351

set-group-ID program, 146, 147, 168–170, 266, 564, 569, 581, 615, 784, 854, 874, 875

core dump files and, 449

dropping and reacquiring privileges, 784

dropping privileges permanently, 785

set groups(), 179–180, 181, 800

prototype, 179

set hostname(), 229, 801

setitimer(), 16, 390, 392, 395, 479–481, 485, 486, 488, 691, 694

example of use, 484

prototype, 480

setjmp(),131–135

example of use, 134, 136, 433

handling of signal mask, 429

prototype, 132

restrictions on use of, 134–135

setjmp_vars.c, 136

setkey(), 657

set locale(), 203

example of use, 199

prototype, 203

set log mask(), 780–781

prototype, 781

setpgid(), 426, 691, 693, 702–704

example of use, 703, 711, 713

prototype, 702

setpgrp(), 704

setpriority(), 691, 735–736, 801

example of use, 737

prototype, 735

setpwent(), 160–161, 657

prototype, 161

setregid(), 175–176, 181, 800

prototype, 175

setresgid(), 177–178, 181, 800

prototype, 177

setresuid(), 177–178, 181, 801

prototype, 177

setreuid(), 175–176, 181, 786, 801

prototype, 175

setrlimit(), 755–757, 801

example of use, 759

prototype, 756

setrlimit64(), 105

setsid(), 426, 691, 693, 705, 768, 1377

example of use, 706, 770, 1387

prototype, 705

set sockopt(), 426, 1278–1279

example of use, 1222

prototype, 1278

setspent(), 161

prototype, 161

set timeofday(), 204–205, 801

diagram, 188

prototype, 204

set-UID bit. See set-user-ID permission bit

set-UID program. See set-user-ID program

setuid(),173–174, 181, 426, 801

prototype, 173

set-user-ID permission bit, 168, 292, 294, 295, 300, 564, 788, 800, 1432

set-user-ID program, 33, 129, 146, 147, 168–170, 266, 564, 569, 581, 615, 690, 718, 784, 854, 874, 875

core dump files and, 449

dropping and reacquiring privileges, 784

dropping privileges permanently, 785

set-user-ID-root program, 169, 783

setutxent(), 657, 821

example of use, 824, 829

prototype, 821

SETVAL constant, 971, 972, 973, 987

example of use, 990

setvbuf(), 237–238, 532

prototype, 237

setxattr(), 286, 314–315, 329, 345

prototype, 314

Seventh Edition UNIX, 3

SFD_CLOEXEC constant, 472

SFD_NONBLOCK constant, 472

sh (Bourne shell), 25

shadow group file, 156

shadow password file, 155

retrieving records from, 161–162, 164–165

shared library, 35, 1439

compared with static library, 856

compatibility, 850

controlling symbol visibility, 867–870

creating, 837–838, 841–842

diagram, 842

dependency tree, 860

dynamic dependency list, 839

dynamic loading, 859–867

––export–dynamic linker option, 867

finalization (destructor) function, 872–873

finding at run time, 854

initialization (constructor) function, 872–873

installing, 847–849

interdependencies

diagram, 852

linker name, 845, 846

loading run-time, diagram, 843

major version, 844

minor version, 844

names, 846–848

diagram, 846

overview, 836–837

preloading, 873–874

real name, 840, 846

–rpath linker option, 851–854

soname, 840–843, 846–847

symbol resolution at run time, 854–856

upgrading, 850–851

using, 839–840

versions and naming conventions, 844–847

shared memory, 880. See also memory mapping; POSIX shared memory; System V shared memory

shared object. See shared library

shared subtree, 267, 1445

shell, 24–25

shell command execution, 579–582

SHELL environment variable, 125, 154

example of use, 1392

shell layers, 1300

shell script, 25

SHM_DEST constant, 1013

SHM_HUGETLB constant, 800, 999

SHM_INFO constant, 952, 1015

shm_info structure, 1015

SHM_LOCK constant, 800, 1012, 1048, 1050

SHM_LOCK ED constant, 1013

SHM_NORESERVE constant, 999

shm_open(), 801, 1058, 1109–1110

example of use, 1111, 1112, 1113

prototype, 1109

RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit and, 762

SHM_R constant, 923

SHM_RDONLY constant, 1000, 1001

SHM_REMAP constant, 1000, 1001

SHM_RND constant, 999, 1001

SHM_STAT constant, 952

shm_unlink(), 1058, 1114

example of use, 1114

prototype, 1114

SHM_UNLOCK constant, 800, 1012

SHM_W constant, 923

SHMALL limit, 1014, 1015

shmat(), 922, 999–1001, 1013, 1014

example of use, 1004, 1005

prototype, 999

RLIMIT_AS resource limit and, 760

shmatt_t data type, 65, 1012, 1014

shmctl(), 922, 1011–1012

example of use, 1004

prototype, 1011

RLIMIT_MEMLOCK resource limit and, 761

shmdt(), 922, 1000–1001, 1013, 1014

example of use, 1004, 1005

prototype, 1001

shmget(), 922, 998–999, 1014

example of use, 1004, 1005

prototype, 998

shmid_ds structure, 922, 1011, 1012–1013

definition, 1012

shminfo structure, 1015

SHMLBA constant, 999, 1001

SHMMAX limit, 1014, 1015

SHMMIN limit, 1014

SHMMNI limit, 1014, 1015

SHMSEG limit, 1014

show_time.c, 199

Shukla, A., 1439

SHUT_RD constant, 1256, 1273

SHUT_RDWR constant, 1256, 1273

SHUT_WR constant, 1256, 1273

example of use, 1258

shutdown(), 426, 1256–1257

example of use, 1258

prototype, 1256

on TCP socket, 1273

SI_ASYNCIO constant, 441

SI_KERNEL constant, 440, 441

SI_MESGQ constant, 441, 1079

SI_QUEUE constant, 441, 460

example of use, 462

SI_SIGIO constant, 440, 441

SI_TIMER constant, 441, 500

SI_TKILL constant, 441

SI_USER constant, 441

example of use, 462

SID (session ID), 39, 613, 700, 705, 819

SIG_ATOMIC_MAX constant, 428

SIG_ATOMIC_MIN constant, 428

sig_atomic_t data type, 65, 428

example of use, 432, 466, 774

SIG_BLOCK constant, 410

example of use, 409, 411

SIG_DFL constant, 398, 412, 416, 578

SIG_ERR constant, 397, 398, 456

example of use, 399, 455

SIG_HOLD constant, 475

SIG_IGN constant, 398, 412, 416, 419, 578

sig_receiver.c, 414, 419

sig_sender.c, 412

SIG_SETMASK constant, 410

example of use, 411, 415

sig_speed_sigsuspend.c, 478

SIG_UNBLOCK constant, 410

SIGABRT signal, 390, 392, 396, 433

sig action structure, 416–417, 437–438

definition, 416, 437

example of use, 425, 433

sig action(), 416–417, 426, 604

example of use, 433, 437, 452, 455, 463, 587

prototype, 416

sigaddset(), 407, 426

example of use, 411, 466

prototype, 407

SIGALRM signal, 390, 396, 480, 484, 486, 488

example of use, 483, 487

sigaltstack(), 417, 434–435, 578, 691, 693

example of use, 437

prototype, 434

sigandset(), 408

prototype, 408

sig block(), 476–477

prototype, 476

SIGBUS signal, 390, 396, 439, 440, 441, 453, 683, 1021, 1030

correct handling of, 452

diagram, 1030

SIGCHLD signal, 390, 391, 396, 440, 441, 514, 545, 551, 555–561, 583, 590, 605, 609, 697, 717, 755, 1431

change of disposition across exec(), 578

contrasted with System V SIGCLD, 561

delivery for resumed children, 559

delivery for stopped children, 559

designing handler for, 556

diagram, 515

disabling generation for stopped child processes, 417

example of use, 558

handling, 555–559

ignoring, 559–561

SIGCLD signal, 391, 561

SIGCONT signal, 391, 396, 450, 489, 544, 545, 546, 550, 559, 717, 718, 720, 727

diagram, 717

establishing handler for, 478

example of use, 728

sent to foreground process group when controlling process terminates, 707, 712–714

sent to orphaned process group containing stopped processes, 533, 727

sigdelset(), 407, 426

example of use, 463

prototype, 407

sig empty set(), 407, 426

example of use, 411, 415, 466

prototype, 407

SIGEMT signal, 391, 396, 397, 453

SIGEV_NONE constant, 496, 1079

SIGEV_SIGNAL constant, 496, 497, 499–503, 1079

example of use, 501, 1081

SIGEV_THREAD constant, 496, 497, 504–507, 1079

example of use, 507, 1083

SIGEV_THREAD_ID constant, 496, 497

sig event structure, 495, 496–497, 1078–1079

definition, 496, 1079

example of use, 501, 506, 1080, 1082

sigfillset(), 407, 426

example of use, 415, 463

prototype, 407

SIGFPE signal, 391, 396, 439, 440, 441, 453, 683

correct handling of, 452

sig handler_t data type, 398

sighold(), 475

prototype, 475

SIGHUP signal, 39, 391, 396, 451, 700, 706, 709–714, 725–729, 772–775

example of use, 711, 713, 728, 774

handling by job-control shells, 710–712

sent on closure of master side of pseudoterminal, 1388

sent on terminal disconnect, 709

sent to foreground process group when controlling process terminates, 533, 707, 712–714

sent to orphaned process group containing stopped processes, 533, 727

sent when master side of pseudoterminal is closed, 709

stopped shell background jobs and, 710

used to reinitialize daemon, 772–775

sigignore(), 475–476

prototype, 475

SIGILL signal, 391, 396, 439, 440, 441, 453, 683

correct handling of, 452

SIGINFO signal, 391, 1299

siginfo_t structure, 65, 437, 438–442, 460, 468, 471, 472, 499–500, 550, 551–552, 1079, 1353–1354

definition, 438

example of use, 462, 470, 500, 552

SIGINT signal, 392, 396, 451, 583, 700, 720, 725, 1296, 1297, 1302, 1304

example of use, 399, 401

siginterrupt(), 16, 419, 444–445

prototype, 445

siginterrupt.c, 1429

SIGIO signal, 392, 396, 397, 440, 441, 1347

SIGIOT signal, 392

sigisempty set(), 408

prototype, 408

sigismember(), 407, 426

example of use, 409

prototype, 407

SIGKILL signal, 392, 393, 396, 411, 450, 761, 764, 772, 1040

disposition can’t be changed, 450

sig longjmp(), 151, 429–430, 452

example of use, 432

prototype, 430

SIGLOST signal, 392

sigmask(), 476–477

prototype, 476

sigmask_longjmp.c, 432

signal, 37, 387–478

accepting, 468

asynchronous generation, 453

block ed, 38, 388, 389

blocking, 410–411

broadcast, 402

BSD API, 476–477

caught, 389

default action, 389, 390–397

delivery, 388

diagram, 399, 454

order when multiple signals pending, 454

disposition, 389, 613

changing, 397–398, 416–417

of pending signal, 412

default, 389

generation, 388

handler. See signal handler

hardware-generated, 452

ignored, 389, 398

job-control, 717

Linux Threads nonconformances, 690

list of all signals, 390–397

mask, 38, 388, 410, 578, 613, 683

names (descriptions), 406

pending, 38, 388, 389, 411–415, 578, 613, 683

permission required for sending, 402–403, 800

diagram, 403

queuing, 412–414, 422, 456, 457

reading via a file descriptor, 471–474

realtime. See realtime signal

reliable, 390, 455

semantics in multithread ed process, 682–683

sending, 401–405

synchronous generation, 453

System V API, 475–476

timing and order of delivery, 453–454, 464

unreliable, 454

used for IPC, 474

used for synchronization, 527–529

waiting for, 418, 464–471

signal catcher. See signal handler

signal handler, 38, 389, 398–401, 421–446

design, 422–428

diagram, 399, 454

employing printf() in example programs, 427

invocation in multithread ed process, 683

terminating, 428–433

terminating process from, 549–550

use of errno within, 427

use of global variables within, 428

use of nonlocal goto within, 429–433

signal mask, 38, 388, 410, 578, 613, 683

signal set, 65, 406–409. See also sigset_t data type

signal stack, alternate, 65, 434–437, 578, 613, 683, 691, 693, 764

signal(), 397–398, 426, 604

code of implementation, 455

example of use, 399, 401, 415

obsolete in favor of sig action(), 456

portability problems, 454–456

prototype, 397

System V, 475

signal.c, 455

signal_functions.c, 408

signal-driven I/O, 75, 95, 1327, 1346–1355, 1367

signal fd(), 471–472

example of use, 473

prototype, 471

signalfd_siginfo structure, 472

definition, 472

example of use, 473

signalfd_sigval.c, 473

sigorset(), 408

prototype, 408

sigpause(), 426, 475–477, 673, 674

prototype (BSD), 476

prototype (System V), 475

sigpending(), 411–412, 426, 683

example of use, 409, 415

prototype, 411

SIG PIPE signal, 392, 396, 683, 895, 903, 912, 918, 1159, 1220, 1256, 1260

example of use, 913

SIGPOLL signal, 392, 441

sigprocmask(), 410–411, 426, 684

example of use, 409, 411, 415, 466, 473, 587

prototype, 410

SIGPROF signal, 392, 396, 480

SIGPWR signal, 391, 392, 396

sig queue(), 426, 439, 441, 458–460, 800

example of use, 459

prototype, 458

RLIMIT_SIGPENDING resource limit and, 764

SIGQUEUE_MAX constant, 214, 457

SIGQUIT signal, 393, 396, 451, 583, 700, 725, 1296, 1298

example of use, 401

sigrelse(), 475

prototype, 475

SIGRTMAX constant, 457

SIGRTMIN constant, 457

SIGSEGV signal, 120, 140, 146, 151, 393, 396, 439, 440, 441, 453, 523, 683, 764, 1000, 1021, 1030, 1046, 1051

correct handling of, 452

delivering on an alternate signal stack, 434–435

diagram, 1029, 1030

example of use, 437

sigset(), 426, 475

prototype, 475

sigset_t data type, 65, 407, 408, 410, 411, 416, 437, 465, 468, 471, 684, 685, 1369

example of use, 411, 415, 463, 464

sig setjmp(), 429–430

example of use, 433

prototype, 430

sigsetmask(), 476–477

prototype, 476

SIGSTKFLT signal, 393, 396

SIGSTKSZ constant, 435

example of use, 437

SIG STOP signal, 393, 396, 411, 445, 450, 716, 717, 790

diagram, 717

disposition can’t be changed, 450

sigsuspend(), 426, 465, 673

example of use, 467

prototype, 465

SIGSYS signal, 393, 396

SIG TERM signal, 393, 396, 772

sig timedwait(), 471, 673

interrupted by stop signal, 445

prototype, 471

SIGTRAP signal, 394, 396, 442

SIGTSTP signal, 394, 396, 445, 450, 451, 700, 715, 717, 720, 725, 790, 1296, 1299, 1312

diagram, 717

example of use, 724, 1313, 1315

handling within applications, 722

orphaned process group and, 730

SIGTTIN signal, 394, 396, 445, 450, 451, 717, 718, 725

diagram, 717

orphaned process group and, 730

SIGTTOU signal, 394, 396, 445, 450, 451, 717, 718, 725, 1293, 1303

diagram, 717

orphaned process group and, 730

SIGUNUSED signal, 394

SIGURG signal, 394, 396, 397, 1283

SIG USR1 signal, 394, 396

used by Linux Threads, 690

SIG USR2 signal, 395, 396

used by Linux Threads, 690

sigval union, 459, 496, 1078

sigval_t data type, 459

sigvec structure, 476

definition, 476

sigvec(), 476

prototype, 476

SIGVTALRM signal, 395, 396, 480

sigwait(), 685–686, 673

prototype, 685

sigwaitinfo(), 468, 673

example of use, 470

interrupted by stop signal, 445

prototype, 468

SIGWINCH signal, 395, 396, 1319, 1320, 1395

example of use, 1320

SIGXCPU signal, 395, 396, 746, 761, 764

SIGXFSZ signal, 395, 396, 761

simple_pipe.c, 896

simple_system.c, 582

simple_thread.c, 626

single directory hierarchy, diagram, 27

Single UNIX Specification (SUS), 13

version 2 (SUSv2), 13, 17

version 3 (SUSv3), 13–15, 17, 1440

Technical Corrigenda, 14

version 4 (SUSv4), 15–17

SIOCGPGRP constant, 1350

SIOCSPGRP constant, 1350

size command, 116

size_t data type, 65, 66, 79, 80, 98, 99, 141, 148, 149, 150, 179, 193, 237, 238, 314, 315, 316, 350, 363, 435, 749, 750, 941, 943, 998, 1012, 1020, 1023, 1031, 1037, 1041, 1046, 1049, 1051, 1054, 1073, 1075, 1077, 1161, 1200, 1206, 1214, 1218, 1254, 1259, 1261

sleep(), 426, 487–488, 673

interrupted by signal handler, 444

prototype, 488

sleeping, 487–494

high-resolution, 488–491, 493–494

sliding window (TCP), 1192

slow-start algorithm (TCP), 1193, 1194

Smith, M., xliii

Snader (2000), 1235, 1275, 1443

Snader, J.C., xlii, 1443

SO_RCVBUF constant, 1192

SO_REUSE ADDR constant, 1220, 1279–1281

example of use, 1222, 1229, 1281

SO_SNDBUF constant, 1171

SO_TYPE constant, 1279

SOCK_CLOEXEC constant, 1153, 1158, 1175

SOCK_DGRAM constant, 1152

example of use, 1172, 1208

SOCK_NONBLOCK constant, 1153, 1158, 1175

SOCK_RAW constant, 1153, 1184

SOCK_SEQPACKET constant, 1285

SOCK_STREAM constant, 1151

example of use, 1168, 1169, 1173, 1209, 1221, 1224

sock addr structure, 1153, 1154–1155, 1157, 1158, 1161

definition, 1154

sock addr_in structure, 1151, 1202

definition, 1202

sock addr_in6 structure, 1151, 1202–1203

definition, 1203

example of use, 1208, 1209

sock addr_storage structure, 1204

definition, 1204

example of use, 1221, 1241

sock addr_un structure, 1151, 1165–1166

definition, 1165

example of use, 1168, 1176

sockatmark(), 426

socket, 282, 392, 883, 1149–1163

abstract binding, 1175

accepting a connection, 1157

active, 1155

active close (TCP), 1272

address structure, 1154

asynchronous error, 1254, 1351, 1352

binding to an address, 1153

broadcasting, 800, 1282

connecting to peer, 1158

connection termination, 1159

connectionless, 1152

connection-oriented, 1152

creating, 1153

datagram, 1152, 1159–1162

sending and receiving, 1160

domain, 1150

half-close, 1256

identified by 4-tuple, 1280

Internet domain, 882, 886, 1150, 1197–1237

address structure, 1202–1204

maximum datagram size, 1190

I/O system calls, 1259–1260

listening for connections, 1156

local, 1152

multicasting, 800, 1282

options, 1278–1279

out-of-band data, 394, 1259, 1260, 1283, 1288, 1331, 1343

pair, 1174

partial reads and writes, 1254–1255

passing credentials via, 800, 801, 1284–1285

passing file descriptor via, 1284

passive, 1155

passive close (TCP), 1272

peer, 1152

pending connection, 1156

poll() on, 1343

port number. See port number

raw, 800, 1184

receive buffer, 1276

diagram, 1190

remote, 1152

select() on, 1343

send buffer, 1276

diagram, 1190

sequenced-packet, 1285

stream, 1151, 1155–1159

I/O, 1159

type, 1151

UNIX domain, 882, 884, 886, 1150, 1165–1177

address structure, 1165–1167

maximum datagram size, 1171

socket permissions, 1174

socket(), 426, 801, 1150, 1152, 1153

diagram, 1156, 1160

example of use, 1166, 1169, 1172, 1173, 1208, 1209, 1221, 1224, 1228

prototype, 1153

RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit and, 762

sock etcall(), 1152

socketpair(), 426, 1174–1175

prototype, 1175

socklen_t data type, 65, 1153, 1154, 1157, 1158, 1161, 1218, 1231, 1263, 1278

sock names.c, 1265

soft link. See symbolic link

soft realtime, 738

software clock, 205–206

SOL_SOCKET constant, 1278

Solaris, 4

SOMAXCONN constant, 1157

soname, shared library, 840–843, 846–847

source code (of example programs), xliii

Spafford, G., 1439

sparse array, 1038

spawn, 514

Spec 1170, 13, 17

speed_t data type, 65, 1292, 1316, 1317

splice(), 1262

Spraul, M., xli

spurious readiness notification, 1330

spurious wake-up, 648

spwd structure, 161, 162

definition, 162

example of use, 164, 810

SS_DISABLE constant, 435

SS_ONSTACK constant, 435

ssh program, 1378

ssize_t data type, 65, 66, 79, 80, 98, 99, 102, 315, 316, 350, 943, 1075, 1077, 1161, 1259, 1261

SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), 1190

stack, 31, 116, 121–122, 612, 764, 1051

diagram, 122

direction of growth, 121

resource limit on size of, 764

unwinding, 133

stack crashing, 792

stack frame, 116, 121–122, 133, 151

stack pointer, 121, 133, 150

stack_t data type, 65, 434, 435

example of use, 436

Stallman, R.M., 5, 6, 11, 20, 1445

standard error, 30

standard input, 30

standard output, 30

START terminal special character, 1296, 1298, 1319

stat structure, 279, 280–283

definition, 280

example of use, 284

stat(), 106, 279–283, 325, 345, 426, 907, 1428

example of use, 285, 303

prototype, 279

stat64 structure, 105

stat64(), 105

statfs(), 277, 345

static (used to control symbol visibility), 867

static library, 35, 834–836

use in preference to a shared library, 856

static linking, 840

statically allocated variable, 116

function reentrancy and, 423

STATUS terminal special character, 1299

statvfs structure, 276–277

definition, 276

statvfs(), 276–277, 345

prototype, 276

stderr variable, 30, 70

STDERR_FILENO constant, 70

stdin variable, 30, 70

STDIN_FILENO constant, 70

stdio buffers, 237–239

diagram, 244

fork() and, 537–538

stdio library, 30

mixing use with I/O system calls, 248

stdout variable, 30, 70

STDOUT_FILENO constant, 70

Steele, G.L., 1440

Stevens (1992), 1322, 1421, 1443, 1444

Stevens (1994), 1190, 1210, 1235, 1256, 1267, 1268, 1272, 1443

Stevens (1996), 1282, 1444

Stevens (1998), 1443

Stevens (1999), 20, 975, 1087, 1105, 1108, 1143, 1146, 1421, 1443

Stevens (2004), 1151, 1162, 1184, 1188, 1203, 1210, 1213, 1246, 1254, 1270, 1272, 1275, 1278, 1279, 1282, 1283, 1285, 1286, 1328, 1330, 1374, 1421, 1444

Stevens (2005), 20, 30, 222, 487, 527, 561, 731, 821, 1118, 1146, 1383, 1421, 1444

Stevens, D.L., 1438

Stevens, W.R., xlii, 1194, 1421, 1443, 1444, 1445

Stewart (2001), 1286, 1444

Stewart, R.R., 1444

sticky permission bit, 294, 295, 300, 800

acting as restrict ed deletion flag, 300

user extended attributes and, 313

STICKY_TIMEOUTS constant, 1334

stime(), 204, 801

diagram, 188

St. Laurent (2004), 6, 1443

St. Laurent, A.M., 1443

Stone (2000), 1190, 1444

Stone, J., 1444

stop signal, 450

STOP terminal special character, 1296, 1298, 1299, 1319

strace command, 394, 1401–1403

Strang (1986), 1290, 1444

Strang (1988), 1289, 1444

Strang, J., 1442, 1444

strcoll(), 202

Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), 1285, 1444

stream pipe, 890, 1175

STREAM_MAX constant, 214, 215

STREAMS (System V), 86, 237, 1338

strerror(), 50, 657

prototype, 50

strerror.c, 664

strerror_r(), 658

strerror_test.c, 665

strerror_tls.c, 669

strerror_tsd.c, 666

strftime(), 193, 194, 198, 203

diagram, 188

example of use, 195, 197, 199

prototype, 193

strip command, 834

strlcpy(), 793

strncpy(), 793

Strong man, K., xlii

strptime(), 195–196

diagram, 188

example of use, 197

prototype, 195

strsignal(), 15, 406, 656

example of use, 409

prototype, 406

strtime.c, 197

strtok(), 657

strtok_r(), 658

strxfrm(), 202

stty command, 1294–1295

su command, 169

subnet, 1179

subnet broadcast address, 1187

subnet mask, 1187

diagram, 1187

subnetted address (IP), 1187, 1193

Suisted, R., xlii

Sun Microsystems, 4

SunOS, 4

super block, 256

super user, 26

supplementary group IDs, 33, 172, 178–180, 613

SUS. See Single UNIX Specification (SUS)

su seconds_t data type, 65, 186, 480, 1333

SUSP terminal special character, 1296, 1299, 1303, 1305

suspend character, 394, 1296, 1299

SV_INTERRUPT constant (BSD), 476

SVID (System V Interface Definition), 17, 62

svmsg_chqbytes.c, 949

svmsg_create.c, 938

svmsg_demo_server.c, 930

svmsg_file.h, 956

svmsg_file_client.c, 960

svmsg_file_server.c, 957

svmsg_info.c, 952

svmsg_ls.c, 953

svmsg_receive.c, 945

svmsg_rm.c, 947

svmsg_send.c, 941

SVR4 (System V Release 4), 4, 17, 1440

svsem_bad_init.c, 976

svsem_create.c, 984

svsem_demo.c, 968

svsem_good_init.c, 977

svsem_info.c, 993

svsem_mon.c, 973

svsem_op.c, 982

svsem_rm.c, 985

svsem_setall.c, 974

svshm_attach.c, 1007

svshm_create.c, 1007

svshm_info.c, 1015

svshm_mon.c, 1434

svshm_rm.c, 1007

svshm_xfr.h, 1002

svshm_xfr_reader.c, 1005

svshm_xfr_writer.c, 1003

swap area, 119, 254

swap space overcommitting, 1038–1040

swapcontext(), 442

swapoff(), 254, 345, 801

swapon(), 254, 345, 801

Sweet, M., 1322

Swift, J., 1198

Swigg, T., xli

SWTCH terminal special character, 1300

symbol relocation, 837

symbol versioning, 870–872

symbolic link, 28, 77, 282, 342–344

changing ownership of, 292

creating, 342, 349

dangling, 28, 342, 349, 360

diagram, 343

following (dereferencing), 28

interpretation by system calls, 344

permissions and ownership, 344

reading contents of, 349

representation in file system, 342

symlink(), 286, 349, 426

prototype, 349

SYMLINK_MAX constant, 350

symlinkat(), 365, 426

SYN control bit (TCP), 1267

SYN_RECV state (TCP), 1269

SYN_SENT state (TCP), 1269

sync(), 241, 242, 1032

prototype, 241

sync_file_range(), 241, 1027

synchronized I/O completion, 239

synchronized I/O data integrity completion, 240

synchronized I/O file integrity completion, 240

synchronous I/O, 241–243

SYN-flooding, 1185, 1441

sys_siglist array, 406

sys conf(), 215–216, 425, 426

example of use, 216

prototype, 215

sysfs file system, 252, 1442

syslog logging facility, 775–782

syslog(), 776, 779–780

diagram, 775

example of use, 780, 1241, 1244, 1245, 1251

prototype, 779

syslog(2) system call, 776, 801

syslogd daemon, 776

diagram, 775

system call, 23, 43–46

diagram, 46

error handling, 48–50

interrupted by signal handler, 442–445

interrupted by stop signal plus SIGCONT, 445

restarting, 442–445

setting timeout on, 486–487

system clock, updating, 204–205

system CPU time, 40, 206

system data types, 63–66

casting in printf() calls, 66

system limits, SUSv3, 212–215

indeterminate limits, 219

retrieving, 215–217

file-related limits, 217–218

system options, SUSv3, 219–221

retrieving, 215–217

file-related options, 217–218

system programming, xxxiii

System V, 4

System V Interface Definition (SVID), 17, 62

System V IPC, 921–936

algorithm employed by get calls, 931–933

compared with POSIX IPC, 1061–1062

control operations, 924

design problems, 884

identifier, 923, 931

key, 64, 923, 925–927

limits, 935–936

object

associated data structure, 927–929

diagram, 932

creating, 923–924

deleting, 924

listing, 934–935

permissions, 800, 927–929

persistence, 924

re-creating after server crash, 930

removing, 934

portability, 884, 1061

System V message queue, 882, 883, 886, 937–964

associated data structure, 948–950

compared with POSIX message queue,1086–1087

control operations, 947

creating, 938–940

deleting, 947

disadvantages, 961–962

limits, 950–951

messages, 940

receiving, 943–946

nonblocking, 943

sending, 940–942

nonblocking, 941

use in client-server applications, 953–961

System V Release 4 (SVR4), 4, 17, 1440

System V semaphore, 882, 886, 965–995

adjustment on process termination, 533

associated data structure, 972–973

compared with POSIX semaphore, 1103–1104

control operations, 969–972

creating, 969

deleting, 971

disadvantages, 993

initialization, 971, 974, 975–978

limits, 991–993

order of handling of multiple block ed operations, 986

performing operations on, 978–983

starvation, 986

undo value (semadj), 533, 607, 614, 619, 691, 693, 986–988, 991

System V shared memory, 614, 882, 886, 997–1016

associated data structure, 1012–1014

attaching, 999

compared with other shared memory APIs, 1115–1116

control operations, 1011–1012

creating, 998–999

deleting, 1011

detaching, 1000

on process termination, 533

limits, 1014–1015

location in process virtual memory, 1006–1009

locking into memory, 1012

storing pointers in, 1010

system(), 582–588, 656, 673

avoid in privileged programs, 788

code of implementation, 582–583, 586–587

diagram, 584

example of use, 581

implementation, 582–588

prototype, 579

system.c, 586

sysv_signal(), 456

prototype, 456

INDEX The Linux Programming Interface - ! Michael Kerrisk.txt

T

t_ prefix (in names of example programs), 100

t_chown.c, 293

t_clock_nanosleep.c, 1429

t_clone.c, 601

t_dirbasename.c, 371

t_execl.c, 571

t_execle.c, 570

t_execlp.c, 570

t_execve.c, 566

t_flock.c, 1121

t_fork.c, 517

t_fpath conf.c, 218

t_ftok.c, 1433

t_gethostbyname.c, 1233

t_getopt.c, 1408

t_getservbyname.c, 1235

t_kill.c, 405

t_mmap.c, 1028

t_mount.c, 268

t_mprotect.c, 1046

t_nanosleep.c, 490

t_readv.c, 101

t_sched_getaffinity.c, 750

t_sched_setaffinity.c, 750

t_select.c, 1334

t_setpriority.c, 736

t_setsid.c, 706

t_sigaltstack.c, 436

t_sigqueue.c, 459, 461

t_sigsuspend.c, 466

t_sigwaitinfo.c, 470

t_stat.c, 284

t_statfs.c, 277

t_statvfs.c, 277

t_sysconf.c, 216

t_syslog.c, 1432

t_system.c, 581

t_umask.c, 302

t_uname.c, 230

t_unlink.c, 347

t_utimes.c, 288

t_vfork.c, 524

TAB0 constant, 1302

TAB1 constant, 1302

TAB2 constant, 1302

TAB3 constant, 1302, 1303

TABDLY constant, 1302, 1303

Tanenbaum (2002), 1235, 1444

Tanenbaum (2006), 24, 1422, 1444

Tanenbaum (2007), 24, 138, 278, 630, 1147, 1444

Tanenbaum, A.S., 6, 1444

TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE process state, 451

TASK_KILLABLE process state, 451

TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE process state, 451

TASK_UNMAPPED_BASE constant, 1006

Taylor, I.L., 1444

tcdrain(), 426, 673, 718, 727, 1293, 1316–1317

prototype, 1318

tcflag_t data type, 65, 1292

tcflow(), 426, 718, 727, 1293, 1316–1317

prototype, 1318

tcflush(), 426, 718, 727, 1293, 1316–1318

prototype, 1318

tcgetattr(), 426, 1291–1292

example of use, 1301, 1306, 1310, 1311, 1313, 1314, 1392

prototype, 1291

tcgetpgrp(), 426, 708–709

example of use, 713, 720

prototype, 708

tcgetsid(), 706

TCIFLUSH constant, 1318

TCIOFF constant, 1319

TCIOFLUSH constant, 1318

TCION constant, 1319

TCOFLUSH constant, 1318

TCOOFF constant, 1319

TCOON constant, 1319

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 1152, 1190–1193, 1194, 1266–1275, 1439

ac knowledgements, 1191, 1267, 1268

diagram, 1268

checksum, 1267

connection establishment, 1191, 1270–1272

diagram, 1272

connection termination, 1272–1273

diagram, 1273

delayed ACK, 1191

diagram, 1181

endpoint, 1190

flow control, 1192

initial sequence number, 1192

options, 1268

receiving, 1191

retransmission, 1191, 1194

segment, 1191

format, 1266–1268

sending, 1191

sequence number, 1191, 1266, 1268

state machine, 1269

state transition diagram, 1271

three-way handshake, 1270

diagram, 1272

timeouts, 1191

vs. UDP, 1282–1283

urgent pointer, 1268, 1283

window size, 1192, 1267

TCP_CORK constant, 1262

TCP_NOPUSH constant, 1263

tcpd daemon, 1250

tcp dump command, 1276–1278

TCP/IP, 1179–1195, 1438, 1440, 1441, 1443, 1444, 1445

TCSADRAIN constant, 1293

TCSAFLUSH constant, 1293

example of use, 1301, 1311, 1313, 1314, 1315

TCSANOW constant, 1293

example of use, 1306, 1387

tcsend break(), 426, 718, 727, 1293, 1316–1318

prototype, 1318

tcsetattr(), 426, 718, 727, 1291–1293

example of use, 1301, 1306, 1311, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1387, 1392

prototype, 1291

tcsetpgrp(), 426, 708–709, 718, 727

prototype, 708

tee command, 87, 908

tee(), 1262

tell(), 82

telldir(), 355

TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY macro, 443

tempnam(), 109

temporary file, 108–109

termcap database, 1289, 1444

terminal, 392, 1289–1323

background process group. See background process group

canonical mode, terminal I/O, 1290, 1305, 1307

disabling echoing of input, 1306

disconnect, 709

flags, 1301–1306

flow control, 1299

foreground process group. See foreground process group

generating BREAK condition, 1318

identification, 1321

input queue, 1291

flushing, 1318

line control, 1317–1319

line speed, 1316–1317

noncanonical mode, terminal I/O, 1290, 1307–1309

obtaining device name associated with file descriptor, 1321

output queue, 1291

flushing, 1318

poll() on, 1342

resuming output, 1296, 1319

retrieving and modifying attributes, 1291–1293

select() on, 1342

special character, 64, 1296–1301

stopping output, 1296, 1319

window size, 395, 1319–1321

termination signal, 599, 605

termination status, process, 32, 513, 531, 545

terminfo database, 1289, 1444

termios structure, 1291, 1292, 1296, 1301–1306, 1316

definition, 1292

example of use, 1293, 1301, 1306, 1310–1311, 1313

test_become_daemon.c, 771

test_tty_functions.c, 1313

text segment, 115, 118, 612, 1019, 1024

sharing between processes, 116, 521

TFD_CLOEXEC constant, 508

TFD_NONBLOCK constant, 508

TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME constant, 508

TGID (thread group ID), 604

tgkill(), 441, 684

Thomas, M., 1194

Thompson, K.L., 2, 4, 1443

Thomson, J., 1194

thread, 38, 225, 617–697

attributes, 623, 628

canceling. See thread cancellation

compared to process, 629

creating, 609, 622–623, 626–627

dealing with asynchronous signals, 685

detached, 627, 628

exec() and, 673, 686

exit() and, 687

fork() and, 673, 686

ID. See thread ID

implementation models, 687–689

interactions with signals, 682–683

joinable, 627

joining, 625–627

Linux implementation, 689–699

maximum number of, 682, 763

memory layout, diagram, 618

one-time initialization, 658–659

return value, 623, 625

sending a signal to, 684

signal mask, 683, 684

stack, 681–682

termination, 623–624

thread cancellation, 671–680

asynchronous cancel ability, 680

cancel ability state, 672

cancel ability type, 672

cancellation point, 673–674

cleanup handler, 676–679

sending cancellation request, 671

testing for, 675

thread group, 225, 604, 610

diagram, 605

thread group ID, 604

thread group leader, 605

diagram, 605

thread ID (kernel), 605

thread ID (Pthreads), 623, 624

comparing IDs, 624

thread of execution, 422

thread_cancel.c, 674

thread_cleanup.c, 678

thread_incr.c, 632

thread_incr_mutex.c, 636

thread_incr_psem.c, 1101

thread_multijoin.c, 649

thread-local storage, 668–669

thread-safe function, 655

thread-specific data, 659–668

implementation, 662–663

three-way handshake, TCP, 1270

diagram, 1272

TID (thread ID, kernel), 605

Tilk, K., xlii

time command, 206

time slice, 733

TIME terminal setting, 1307

time(), 187, 426

diagram, 188

example of use, 192

prototype, 187

time_t data type, 65, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 280, 283, 287, 290, 471, 480, 488, 498, 747, 830, 948, 972, 1012, 1333

converting to and from broken-down time, 189–190

converting to printable form, 188–189

TIME_WAIT state (TCP), 1269, 1274–1275

assassination, 1275

timed_read.c, 486

timeout on blocking system call, 486–487

timer

high-resolution, 485

POSIX. See POSIX timer

profiling, 392, 480

real, 390, 480

virtual, 395, 480

timer overrun, 495, 503–504, 505

TIMER_ABSTIME constant, 494, 498

timer_create(), 495–497

example of use, 501, 507

prototype, 495

timer_delete(), 495, 499

prototype, 499

timer_getoverrun(), 426

example of use, 501, 506

prototype, 504

timer_gettime(), 426, 499

prototype, 499

timer_settime(), 426, 495, 498–499

example of use, 501, 507

prototype, 498

timer_t data type, 65, 494, 496, 498, 499, 504

timer fd timers, 507–511, 615

timerfd_create(), 508

example of use, 511

prototype, 508

timerfd_gettime(), 509

prototype, 509

timerfd_settime(), 508–509

example of use, 511

prototype, 508

times(), 206–207, 210, 426, 560, 619, 691, 694, 755

example of use, 209

prototype, 206

time spec structure, 289, 290, 471, 488, 491, 492, 493, 498, 645, 747, 980, 1077, 1096, 1369

definition, 290, 471, 488, 498, 747

example of use, 290, 490

time val structure, 186, 188, 204, 205, 288, 289, 480, 754, 819, 1331, 1333

definition, 186, 480, 1333

time zone, 197–200

specifying to a program, 198–200

time zone structure, 186, 187, 204

time zone variable, 198

TIOCCONS constant, 801

TIOCGPGRP constant, 709

TIOCGSID constant, 706

TIOCGWINSZ constant, 1319, 1392, 1395

example of use, 1320

TIOCNOTTY constant, 692, 707

TIOCPKT constant, 1389

TIOCSCTTY constant, 707, 1385

example of use, 1387

TIOCSPGRP constant, 709

TIOCSWINSZ constant, 1320, 1395

example of use, 1387

tkill(), 441

TLI (Transport Layer Interface), 16

tlpi_hdr.h, 51

tm structure, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 195, 196

definition, 189

example of use, 192

tmp file(), 109, 346

prototype, 109

tmpfs file system, 274–275, 1009, 1090, 1108

tmpnam(), 109, 656

tms structure, 206–207

definition, 206

Todino-Gonguet, G., 1442

top-level domain, 1212

Törring, J.T., xli

Torvalds (2001), 20, 1444

Torvalds, L.B., 2, 6, 18, 20, 1444

TOSTOP constant, 394, 716, 718, 1303, 1379

translation look-aside buffer, 527, 999, 1027

Transmission Control Protocol. See TCP

transport layer, 1188–1193

diagram, 1181

Transport Layer Interface (TLI), 16

TRAP_BRANCH constant, 442

TRAP_BRKPT constant, 442

TRAP_HWBKPT constant, 442

TRAP_TRACE constant, 442

Troan, E.W., 1440

Tromey, T., 1444

Tru64 UNIX, 5

TRUE constant, 51

truncate(), 103, 286, 345, 395, 1139, 1142

prototype, 103

RLIMIT_FSIZE resource limit and, 761

truncate64(), 105

Tsafrir (2008), 786, 787, 795, 1444

Tsafrir, D., 1444

tty, 1289

tty command, 1321

tty group, 169

tty_functions.c, 1310

ttyname(), 657, 1321

example of use, 829

prototype, 1321

ttyname.c, 1436

ttyname_r(), 658, 1321

ttySetCbreak(), 1310

code of implementation, 1310–1311

example of use, 1314, 1349

ttySetRaw(), 1310

code of implementation, 1311

example of use, 1315, 1393

tuple (identifying a socket), 1280

Tweedie, S., xli

TZ environment variable, 198

TZDIR environment variable, 198

tzfile file format, 198

tzname variable, 198

tzset(), 198

U

u_int16_t data type, 593, 598

u_int32_t data type, 593, 598

uClibc, 47

ucontext_t data type, 442

ud_ucase.h, 1171

ud_ucase_cl.c, 1173

ud_ucase_sv.c, 1172

udev (user-space device file system daemon), 252, 1441

UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 1152, 1189–1190, 1194

checksum, 1189

datagram size, 1190

diagram, 1181

vs. TCP, 1282–1283

UDP_CORK constant, 1260

ugid_functions.c, 159

UID (user ID), 26, 153

uid_t data type, 65, 157, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 280, 292, 330, 438, 927

uint8_t data type, 1202, 1203

uint16_t data type, 1199

uint32_t data type, 377, 379, 472, 1199, 1203, 1204, 1357

uintmax_t data type, 66

ulimit command, 448, 755

Ultrix, 4

umask(), 301, 309, 426, 604. See also process, umask

example of use, 302

prototype, 301

UML (User-Mode Linux), 789

umount command, 169, 263

umount(), 269–270, 607, 801

prototype, 269

UMOUNT_NOFOLLOW constant, 270

umount2(), 270

prototype, 270

uname(), 229, 426

example of use, 230

prototype, 229

unbuffer.c, 1436

undo value, System V semaphore (semadj), 533, 607, 614, 619, 691, 693, 986–988, 991

uninitialized data segment, 116, 117, 118

uninterruptible sleep state, 451

universality of I/O, 29, 72

UNIX, 1, 1437, 1441, 1444

editions, 3

history, 2–5, 1442, 1443

standards, 10–19

UNIX 03, 14, 17

UNIX 95, 13, 17

UNIX 98, 13, 17

UNIX International, 13

UNIX System Laboratories, 8

unix_sockets.c, 1435

unix_sockets.h, 1435

unlink(), 109, 286, 300, 345, 346, 426, 800, 1145, 1146

example of use, 347

prototype, 346

unlinkat(), 365, 426

unlockpt(), 1380, 1382

example of use, 1384

prototype, 1382

unnamed semaphore. See POSIX semaphore, unnamed

unprivileged process, 33

UNSAFE comment inside signal handler, 428

unset shell command, 125

unsetenv C shell command, 125

unsetenv(), 129, 657, 1426

example of use, 131

prototype, 129

unshare(), 603, 801

unspecified (in standard description), 15

updwtmpx(), 827

example of use, 829

prototype, 827

URG control bit, TCP, 1267, 1283

urgent data (socket), 394, 396, 1267, 1268, 1283, 1439

urgent mode (TCP), 1283

us_abstract_bind.c, 1176

us_xfr.h, 1167

us_xfr_cl.c, 1169

us_xfr_sv.c, 1168

us_xfr_v2_cl.c, 1435

us_xfr_v2_sv.c, 1435

usageErr(), 53–54

code of implementation, 56

prototype, 54

usageError(), 54

uselib(), 345

user authentication, 162–166

user CPU time, 40, 206

User Datagram Protocol. See UDP

user ID, 26, 153

user mode, 23, 44

user space, 23

user stack, 122

USER_HZ constant, 207

USER_PROCESS constant, 820, 821, 822, 825

userIdFromName(), 159

code of implementation, 159–160

User-Mode Linux (UML), 789

user name, 154

user NameFromId(), 159

code of implementation, 159

user-uninitialized data segment, 116

USL (UNIX System Laboratories), 8

usleep(), 673, 674

UT_HOST SIZE constant, 830

UT_NAME SIZE constant, 830

utimbuf structure, 287

definition, 287

example of use, 288

utime(), 285, 286, 287–288, 345, 426, 800

prototype, 287

UTIME_NOW constant, 290

UTIME_OMIT constant, 290

utimensat(), 15, 286, 289–290, 365, 426

prototype, 289

utimes(), 286, 345, 288, 426

prototype, 288

utmp file, 817

example of use, 828

retrieving information from, 821

updating, 825

UTMP_FILE constant, 818

utmpx structure, 819–820, 822, 825, 826, 827

definition, 819

example of use, 824, 829

utmpx_login.c, 828

utmpx name(), 823

example of use, 824

prototype, 823

utsname structure, 229

definition, 229

example of use, 230

V

Vahalia (1996), 24, 138, 250, 278, 342, 630, 919, 1044, 1422, 1444

Vahalia, U., 1444

van der Linden (1994), xxxiv, 1444

van der Linden, P., 1444

vanilla kernel, 234

Vargas, B.L., xli, xliii

Vargas, C.E.K., xliii

variadic function, 1413

Vaughan (2000), 857, 1444

Vaughan, G.V., 1444

VDISCARD constant, 1296

VEOF constant, 1296, 1309

VEOL constant, 1296, 1309

VEOL2 constant, 1296

VERASE constant, 1296

version script (ld), 868–872

vfork(), 16, 523–525, 530, 609

example of use, 524

prototype, 523

RLIMIT_NPROC resource limit and, 763

scheduling of parent and child after, 523

speed, 610

vfork_fd_test.c, 1430

VFS (virtual file system), 259

diagram, 259

vhangup(), 801

Viega (2002), 795, 1445

Viega, J., 1445

view_lastlog.c, 831

view_symlink.c, 369

VINTR constant, 1296

Viro (2006), 267, 1445

Viro, A., 1445

virtual address space, 120

diagram, 120

virtual device, 252

virtual file switch, 259

virtual file system (VFS), 259

diagram, 259

virtual memory

resource limit on, 760

unified, 1032

virtual memory management, 22, 118–121, 1440

virtual server, 789

virtual time, 206

virtualization, 608, 789

VKILL constant, 1296

VLNEXT constant, 1296

VMIN constant, 1307, 1309

example of use, 1311

vmsplice(), 1262

volatile variables, 137

VQUIT constant, 1296

VREPRINT constant, 1296

VSTART constant, 1296

VSTOP constant, 1296

VSUSP constant, 1296

vsyslog(), 777

VT0 constant, 1302

VT1 constant, 1302

VTDLY constant, 1302

VTIME constant, 1307, 1309

example of use, 1311

VWERASE constant, 1296

W

W_OK constant, 299

Wagner, D., 1438, 1444

wait morphing, 647

wait status, 545–547, 580

wait(), 32, 426, 514, 541–542, 673, 690

diagram, 515

example of use, 543, 901

interrupted by signal handler, 443

prototype, 542

wait3(), 552–553, 609, 754

interrupted by signal handler, 443

prototype, 552

wait4(), 552–553, 609, 754

interrupted by signal handler, 443

prototype, 552

waitid(), 550–552, 610, 673

interrupted by signal handler, 443

prototype, 550

waitpid(), 426, 544–545, 609, 673

example of use, 549, 583, 587, 602

interrupted by signal handler, 443

prototype, 544

wall clock time, 185

wall command, 169

Wallach, D.S., 1438

watch descriptor (inotify), 376, 377

Watson (2000), 798, 1445

Watson, R.N.M., 1445

WCONTINUED constant, 544, 545, 550

WCOREDUMP(), 546

example of use, 547

wcrtomb(), 656

wcsrtombs(), 656

wcstombs(), 657

wc tomb(), 657

weakly specified (in standard description), 15

Weinberger, P.J., 1437

well-known address, 909

WERASE terminal special character, 1296, 1299, 1305, 1307

WEXITED constant, 550

WEXITSTATUS(), 546

example of use, 547

Wheeler, D., 795, 857

who command, 817

WIFCONTINUED(), 546

example of use, 547

WIFEXITED(), 546

example of use, 547

WIFSIGNALED(), 546

example of use, 547

WIFSTOPPED(), 546

example of use, 547

wildcard address (IP), 1187

Wilhelm, S., 1442

Williams (2002), 20, 1445

Williams, S., 1445

winsize structure, 1319, 1385, 1394–1395

definition, 1319

example of use, 1320, 1386, 1392

wireshark command, 1277

WNOHANG constant, 544, 551

example of use, 557

WNOWAIT constant, 551

Woodhull, A.S., 1444

working directory, current, 29, 225, 363–365, 604, 613

Wright (1995), 1235, 1272, 1445

Wright, C., xli

Wright, E.A., xlii

Wright, G.R., 1445

write permission, 29, 282, 294, 297

write(), 70, 80, 286, 395, 426, 673, 800, 1138

example of use, 71, 85

FIFO, 918

interrupted by signal handler, 443

pipe, 918

prototype, 80

RLIMIT_FSIZE resource limit and, 761

terminal output

by background job, 394

by orphaned process group, 730

write_bytes.c, 236, 242, 250

writen(), 1254

code of implementation, 1255

prototype, 1254

writev(), 99–100, 102, 286, 673

interrupted by signal handler, 443

prototype, 99

Wronski, M., xli

WSTOPPED constant, 550

WSTOP SIG(), 546

example of use, 547

WTERM SIG(), 546

example of use, 547

wtmp file, 817

example of use, 828

updating, 825

WTMP_FILE constant, 818

WUNTRACED constant, 544, 545, 552

example of use, 549

X

X_OK constant, 299

XATTR_CREATE constant, 315

XATTR_REPLACE constant, 315

xattr_view.c, 317

XBD, 14

XCASE constant, 1303

XCU, 14

XCURSES, 14

XDR (External Data Representation), 1200

Xen, 789

XENIX, 5

XFS file system, 261

i-node flag, 304–308

Xie, Q., 1444

xinetd daemon, 1248

XNS (X/Open Networking Specification), 13, 16, 17

X/Open, 13

X/Open Networking Specification (XNS), 13, 16, 17

X/Open Portability Guide (XPG), 13, 16, 17

Issue 3 (XPG3), 13, 17

Issue 4 (XPG4), 13, 17

Issue 4, version 2 (XPG4v2), 13, 17

Issue 5 (XPG5), 13, 17

X/Open Transport Interface (XTI), 16

XPG. See X/Open Portability Guide

XRAT, 14

XSH, 14

XSI conformance, 14

XSI extension, 15, 62, 63, 221

XSI IPC, 922

XTI (X/Open Transport Interface), 16

Y

Yourtchenko, A., 1439

Z

Zamuner, U., xli

Zemlin, J., xlii

zero-copy transfer, 1261

zero-uninitialized data segment, 116

zic command, 198

zombie process, 553, 554, 555, 556, 559, 1431

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